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^iORARY of lONGfilt'SS 

/ 2 J- 9 66 

COPY 3. 



Copyright, 1905, by Katharine R. Crowell. 



FRICA for 
JUNIORS 



\ 

By KATHARINE vf. CRO^YIL, Anther o/ "China 
for Juniors," "Japan for Juniors," and "Alaska for Juniors" 




THE hope for heathen and barbarous 
races lies in their children ; and the 
marvelous progress made by the African 
boys and girls in accommodating them- 
selves to the changed conditions, in 
assimilating Christian ideas, and in 
adopting the Western civilization, was 
the most hopeful fact I observed during 
my life in Africa. 

Pioneering in Central Africa, page 129. 



THE WILLETT PRESS, PUBLISHERS 
5 WEST TWENTIETH STREET, NEW YORK 



V 



Price, paper, 25 cents ; cloth, 35 cents 






Pictures furnished by the Church Missionary Society. 
Cover and pages 12, 19, 21, 23, 46, 48, 79, 81. 

From the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign 
Missions. Pages 7, 81, 86. 

From the Moravian Missions. Pages 27, 31, 35, 39, 45, 50, 
61, 63, 70, 72, 78, 80, 82. 

From the Societe des Missions Evangeliques. Pages 20, 
26, 48, 80. 

From the Livingstonia Mission. Pages 22, 31, 33^ 46, 51, 
54, 5^, 59, 75, 77, ^6. 

From the Mission at Blantyre. Page 84. 

From the United Presbyterian Church of America. Pages 
9, 18, 43, 83, 85. 

From the American Baptist Missionary Union. Pages 41, 
49, 55, 56, 57, 71, 79, 83. 



if 



Many of the illustrations in Africa for Juniors have 
been made for it from photographs most kindly furnished 
by various Missionary Societies. They add much to the 
value of the book, and very hearty thanks are given to all 
who have thus helped to make vivid this story of Missionary 
work. 

Special acknowledgment of the picture used for the 
cover is made to the Church Missionary Society of London. 
In the radiant happiness of these children from its Mission 
on the West Coast of Africa is expressed the whole story 
of the change wrought by Christian Missions in the lives of 
the *' Juniors" of Africa. 

£asf Orange J A^. J.^ August^ ^9^5' 



INTRODUCTORY. 

AFRICA A PARADISE FOR THE ^'JUNIOR." 

^kFRICA is "story-full," and the "Junior" loves a story. 

^% The hunter, the explorer, the soldier, the missionary in 

j^^^ Africa have furnished stories in numbers, variety and 

picturesqueness enough to satisfy even the appetite of a 

"Junior." 

The story of the lioness, of whom Campagnon writes, left on a 
rubbish heap at St. Louis, Senegal, to die of lockjaw, who, when 
found by a tender-hearted hunter, had her mouth full of dirt and 
ants, but was cleansed and healed, and followed her humane deliverer 
like a faithful dog, is no legend, but solid fact. 

Hanno, the Carthaginian, with his " sixty ships and a multitude 
of men and women," sailing as far as Sherboro Island, and report- 
ing that he saw "wild men and women covered with hair," was 
no sensational newsmonger of the fifth century before Christ but 
a veritable truth teller, for the writer of these lines, sailing along 
the same West Coast of Africa in the year of grace 1905, saw "wild 
men and women with hair," namely, the almost human chim- 
panzee. 

At Old Calibar the former " King of Benim " is now in captivity. 
The British soldiers who captured the King and destroyed the 
"bloody city" tell of headless men tied to goats, of crucified men 
seen on many trees, of a huge pit into which hundreds of slaves 
— dead and alive — ^^vere thrown, all sacrifices to appease the wrath 
of the spirit and defeat the army of invasion. The soldier fought 
against demons in human form, and' the soldier's story reads like 
a romance. 

The explorer Stanley sent a letter from Uganda by the hands of 
Linant de Bellefonde, a Belgian officer, to the London Telegraph. 
The officer was killed. The letter was found concealed in the 
dead man's boot and forwarded to its destination. It was an 
appeal for missionaries. The appeal was answered by a group of 
educated young Englishmen led by Lieutenant Shergold Smith. 
His father, Major Smith, was in command of a British vessel, 
which in 1832 captured a slaver off the West Coast of Africa. On 
board the slaver was a young lad, Samuel Crowther, who after- 
wards became the first colored bishop of the Niger. His sister 
still teaches in a mission school at Sierra Leone. In Africa mission 
fact is stranger than fiction. 

Africa is a land of heroes, and the Junior worships a hero. 

It is not difficult to find the heroic in the story of Africa. It 
is writ large in the life of the Berber chief, Jibl el Tarik, whose 
name is immortalized in Gibraltar. You can read it in that fas- 
cinating history of the Netherland heiress, who, with mother and 
aunt and two hundred and twenty servants and maids, explored 
the Bahr el Ghazal region, visited Khartum and finally met a 



violent 4ieath at Lake Chad, her maids and servants i)eing sold into 
captivity; or you can find it in the life of a merchant such as Sir 
George Goldie, who by patient labors opened up vast regions in 
Nigeria, struck the shackles from millions of slaves and made 
possible the development of what promises to be one of the great 
empires of Africa. 

And what shall we say of the heroic in the life of the African 
missionary? — Schmidt, who labored from 1737 to 1744, was then 
driven out by a Christian (?) government and for forty years 
ceased not to pray for Africa. His prayers were answered when 
the Moravians in 1792 found old blind Magdalena with the new 
Testament which Schmidt had given her: 

Coillard, who after labors most abundant and trials manifold 
went back in old age to his beloved Africa **that he might save 
some ; " Moffat, whose message to the dying Mosilikatse, "I am 
praying for you and your people," was the only solace to this 
wild son of Africa as he faced the king of terrors; and the host 
of others, some well known, as Livingstone and Mackay; others 
known by a few, as Freeman and Scott; others almost unknown, 
but the story of whose devotion to Africa is best described in the 
one word — heroic. 

Hard must be the Junior's heart that cannot be stirred in study- 
ing the missionary heroes of Africa. 

Africa is the sickly child in the human family. 

The sick boy ever evokes the pity, the compassion and sympa- 
thy of the strong and healthy children in the home. 

The story of Africa is written in blood. Every page tells of 
oppression, of suffering, of sorrow. The heart has been crushed 
out of the race. The Junior has a tender heart. Africa will appeal 
to him. 

If, as Victor Hugo said: "The next century will make a man of 
the African," the Junior of to-day must have his share in the 
blessed work. The study of Africa is the sure method of awaken- 
ing interest. 

"I have always learned something new from Africa," wrote the 
most learned of the Latin historians. We can still learn something 
new from Africa. It is the "coming continent." 



s4. y^.^icUf 



^^■irlS said that in those other islands to the south (Zanzibar 
/ -i and the East Coast of Africa) , which the ships are unable to 
\fl visit because this strong current prevents their return, is 
^■^ found the bird Gryphon, which appears there at certain sea- 
sons. Persons w^ho had been there and had seen it told 
Messer Marco Polo that it was for all the world like an eagle, but 
one indeed of enormous size; so big, in fact, that its wings covered 
an extent of thirty paces, and its quills were twelve paces long, 
and thick in proportion. And it is so strong that it will seize an 
elephant in its talons and carry him high into the air, and drop him 
so that he is smashed to pieces; having so killed him, the bird 
gryphon swoops down upon him and eats him at leisure. The peo- 
ple of those isles call the bird Rtic, and it has no other name. 

The Great Khan sent to those parts to inquire about these 
curious matters, and the story was told by those who went thither. 
He also sent to procure the release of an envoy of his who had been 
despatched thither, and had been detained; so both those envoys 
had many wonderful things to tell the Great Khan about those 
strange islands, and about the birds I have jtist mentioned. They 
brought (as I heard) to the Great Khan a feather of the said Rue, 
which was stated to measure ninety spans, whilst the quill part 
was two palms in circumference — a marvellous object.* The Great 
Khan was delighted with it, and gave great presents to those who 
brought it. They also brought two boars' tusks, which weighed 
more than fourteen pounds apiece; and you may gather how big 
the boar must have been that had teeth like that! They related, 
indeed, that there were some of these boars as big as a great buffalo. 
There are also numbers of giraffes and wild asses; and, in fact, a 
marvellous number of wild beasts of strange aspect. — Marco Polo, 
1295 A. D. 

*A span — nine inches ; a palm — four inches. 




CHAPTER I. 

AFRICA AS IT WAS THOUGHT TO BE. 

/^L LAND of giants, and dragons, and horrible mon- 
^f\ sters; beyond it the awful mysterious ocean in 
^■^ which are all manner of unearthly and blood- 
^^ ^ curdling creatures. 

This is Africa, as it was long thought to be. 
And indeed, this is Africa. For still is it a land of 
giants and dragons, horrible and terrible. With a differ- 
ence, though. Then, those monsters were dreaded and 
feared, so that no man dared to pass through the land. 
Now, men go out to fight them, and the story of their 
splendid fight and of magnificent victories already won, 
though the battle is not yet fought out, is the real Africa 
for Juniors. 

But there is one part of Africa which has never been 
thought of in this way. It is the northeast corner, so to 
speak, and it has a name of its own, which, when you say 
it, will, I am sure, instantly bring before you swiftly mov- 
ing pictures — something like a kinetoscope ! Try it and see. 
The name is Egypt! Now! don't you see first a long 
line of camels, carrying spices and balm and myrrh, and 
coming to a halt, so that the merchants may buy for a 
slave a boy whom you know by his coat of many colors ? 

The boy is sold again when the camels have made the 
long journey into Egypt, and you see him in Potiphar's 
house, in prison, telling Pharaoh the meaning of his dream, 
and, finally having almost reached the throne of the 
Pharaohs, he saves a world from famine. 

And do you not see, as Joseph did, pyramids, obelisks 
covered with strange figures, the mysterious sphinx, and 

7 



that great statue, which, you remember, was always silent 
except at sunrise? 

The pictures move on — you see the river Nile, fringed 
with papyrus, reeds and rushes, and half hidden among 
them is there not a basket made of bullrushes floating on 
the water? Now comes the princess down to the water's 
edge. Do you hear a cry from the basket? And now see! 
this great army marching out of the land; its guiding 
pillar of cloud, changing as night comes on to a pillar of 
fire. 

More and more swiftl}^ the pictures pass until — What 
is this you see? Is it not another Joseph fleeing with the 
young child and His mother by night into Egypt? 

Later — but this will be when you are Seniors — more 
pictures will be added: of a great and wonderful lighthouse, 
of libraries and universities; of a Christian Church, and 
Christian martyrs, for all these belong to 
Egypt. 

I wonder if you have ever heard of 
a curious stone — white inside, black 
outside — which it is said fell from 
heaven once on a time, and has been 
considered a very sacred thing ever 
since ? Or of the just as curious covering 
sent from heaven to shield it ? Our 
story seems to go far afield to find them 
— across the Red Sea, and into Arabia. 

They cannot have much to do with 
Africa, you say? 

Ah! but they have, and have given 
much and desperate reason for the great 
fight we have spoken of, as you will see 
after a while. For this curious stone 
had its share in drawing together 
mighty hosts of men who soon come 
into Egypt, and conquer it. You have 
seen their swift Arabian horses, many 
a time, doubtless, flying across the pages of '' Henty '' 
or Sir Walter, " spurning the sand from behind them 
and devouring the desert before them." You know 
those flashing scimitars, too, with edge so delicate that 
down cushions and gauze veils fall apart at their touch. 
On fly their steeds through Northern Africa, the hosts 

8 




Egyptian Obelisk 

( Now i?i Central Park 

New ro7'k). 




Girls' College at Assyut 
( A. U. Pres. Miss.). 



conqnering as they go. They cross the Mediterranean and 
press on into Spain. Ask the Alhambra if they conqtiered 
Spain! Then they advance with terrible power into 
France. It begins to look as though this queer black and 
white stone and the Crescent flag, and Mohammed's sword 
were going to con- 
quer all Europe. 

Some day you 
will learn how 
a man called 
Charles the Ham- 
mier stopped this 
victorious army 
on its march ; con- 
quered it and 
turned it back 
from Europe. 
But over half of 
Africa Moham- 
med's power re- 
mains to this day. 

His influence is felt in other places. You feel it! even 
the very smallest boy or girl of you. ''How can the 
Mohammedans make any difference to usf you say. 

Do you ever use ''Arabic numerals?" Well, you little 
tots, if it had not been for the Mohammedans, you might 
be doing ''sums" to-day with the clumsy Roman num- 
bers. You certainly ought to thank them that you are 
not! 

But more of you are probably studying algebra, and 
your feelings of gratitude will be "plus" or "minus" in 
proportion to your likes or dislikes. But whether you like 
it or not, you will owe algebra to the Mohammedans. 

Some of you may be architects — some day. At all 
events you will be lovers of the beautiful, and you will 
owe something to the Mohammedans for the Alhambra 
and the exquisite Taj Mahal in India. 

In the "Dark Ages" (of which more presently) the 
Mohammedans had almost all the Hght there was. Some 
of it, you see, still shines for you. Now their boys and 
girls, and especially the girls, are in the darkness of igno- 
rance. You have all knowledge, even that of the ''Light 
of the World." You ought to "make good!" 



So much for Egypt and the north of Africa and the 
Mohammedans. 

As to the rest of Africa: 

Once upon a time, oh, long, long ago — even if your 
thoughts had wings they could not fly so far — there were 
in the southern part of the continent gold mines so rich 
that all the world came here for gold ; splendid cities having 
magnificent buildings, and with knowledge so great that 
their wise men really seem in some ways to have known 
more than ours! This does not seem possible, does it? 
Perhaps, though, we more than make up in other ways. 

But as time went on the cities crumbled away and even 
all knowledge of them was lost. 

It happened after a while, that a king of Egypt, Necho, 
I think his name was, for some reason became very curious 
as to what the rest of Africa might be like ; he thought he 
would find out by sending ships around it. 

But he had no ships, and his people, naturally, were not 
sailors. So he hired ships and sailors from a nearbv 
country, whose men were famous for the long voyages they 
had made. 

And off they started, in boats we should consider little 
better than tubs, to sail around Africa! 

They were gone about three years. We can scarcely 
wonder at this, though, for when provisions gave out, they 
would draw up their ships upon land, plant corn, wait for it 
to grow lip and ripen — then they set forth again upon their 
voyage. 

When they got back they said they had sailed all the 
way around Africa, and that at a certain point upon their 
journey they had seen the sun upon their right hand. 

The men who listened to them, not feeling able to be- 
lieve this remarkable tale, said their whole story was 
"made up" and false. But now. just because they said 
they had seen the sun upon their right hand, people believe 
all they said was true ! 

This is certainly curious. Do you suppose there can be 
anything to account for such a change of opinion ? 

Well, this long sail took place about 2,600 years ago. 
And it was many and many a year before any one was brave 
enough to try again ! Perhaps it was owing to this voyage 
and the knowledge thus gained of the northern shores of 
Africa that the City of Carthage was founded— it is not 

10 



necessary to tell you boys and girls how Queen Dido got 
the land on which to build it ! That famous bullock's hide, 
vou already know well; or if not, you will when you read 
Vergil! Carthage was destroyed, though, and knowledge 
of Africa grew less and less. 

For a while stories were told of lofty mountains and 
great lakes somewhere in the interior of the country; of 
very big men who lived there, and of some very little people 
who were called pigmies. 

Who first told these stories no one knows, but later on 
Arabs who traded with the natives on the east coast might 
have had something to say. It does not matter much who 
told the stories, for no one believed them! 

They are interesting though — especially some that our 
old friend Marco Polo tells of — and it is just possible that 
some of them were true ! 

You may judge of this later on. 

But at length even these stories faded out. All knov/1- 
edge of the continent, except of a narrow strip at the north, 
vanished away, and a cloud seemed to settle over Africa, so 
black and heavy, that under its shadow all the land and 
the fearful ocean became shrouded in darkness and filled 
with terrors ; and woe now to the man who should venture 
forth on land or sea ! 

This darkness lasted for hundreds of years. But then 
these years were not so very bright anywhere. Indeed, 
they were so far from it that ever since they have been 
called the Dark Ages. Perhaps as we look back at them, 
out of our bright blaze of light and knowledge they seem 
to us darker than they really were, and possibly the boys 
and girls even then had very good times, but — think a 
moment. Hardly any of them could read; and that did 
not so much matter, for there would have been almost 
nothing to read if they had known how — for printing was 
not yet even thought of — except in China! 

And they lived in such a little world ! Though it may 
have seemed big to them, and certainly a long time was 
needed to take one from end to end of it. • 

But it is hard for us to think that people could be really 
satisfied and happy while not even knowing that there was 
America ! 

These years were certainly like a dark and very dull 
night, when men's minds seemed really to go to sleep; but 

11 



at length — towards morning, it must have been! — various 
rousing things happened and people began to wake up. 

Among those who quickly became very wide awake 
was young Prince Henry of Portugal. You will see pres- 
ently that he had a right to the name given him : Henry, 
the Navigator. It meant something to be a navigator in 
those days! Such miserable little vessels to venture out 
in ! And nothing except the sun or stars to guide them — 
but, yes, there was a queer little contrivance, brought over- 
land from China by some adventurous traveler, that was 
helping to put courage into the hearts of timorous seamen. 
You know, of course, what it was. 

It was no safeguard, though, against those terrifying 
ghostly creatures of which the ocean was supposed to be 
full. The sailors could be brave enough in attacking men, 
but these ghosts were too much ! 

And Prince Henry had a hard time in getting men to 
help him to carry out his plans. The rich trade of that 
time was with India. But India was so far, far away ! How 
do you suppose people ever reached it in those days? What- 
ever the route, each nation of Europe was "wild" to dis- 
cover a shorter one — the shortest one, in fact, so as to be the 

very first to get there. 
Now, Prince Henry 
had an idea that if he 
could get ships around 
Africa he might find 
himself quite near to 
India — after a very short 
voyage, too; for by this 
time, Africa, as it was 
thought to be, was only 
a strip of coast along the 
Mediterranean Sea, and 
back of it, a burning 
desert. Beyond the 
desert and surrounding 
•it, was the boiling fiery ocean, and the aforesaid mon- 
sters. Certainly then, a verv short sail might bring his 
ships to India. 

A short voyage, perhaps— but fearsome. Haven't vou 
often stood with your friend Hawthorne on a certain little 
islet in the Grecian Sea, looking off with him over the blue 

12 




Images at Obagun, West AjHca. 



Mediterranean toward mystic Africa, watching for the 
moment when Perseus, aided by winged sandals and the 
helmet which made him invisible — but not to us — and his 
burnished shield should cut off the head of the horrible 
Medusa of the Snaky Locks ? Near by stood that patient 
giant Atlas, upholding the world on his shoulders, as he 
had been doing for a thousand years. Perseus held up 
before his eyes Medusa's head, and you have caught yout 
breath as the giant instantly turned to a mountain of stone ! 

And there, on the west coast of Africa, stands Mt. Atlas 
to this day! And it was his hoarse mutterings that made 
it so difficult for Prince Henry to induce men to start on 
that voyage, for the superstitious seamen understood Atlas 
to say not to venture by lest frightful calamities befall ! 

But Prince Henry, wide awake himself, had the happy 
faculty of arousing others, and at length he inspired a few 
sailors with courage enough to set sail and start out. 

They crept along the coast of Africa for a little way and 
— came back to Portugal! But as nothing ver}^ terrible 
had happened, in the following year another expedition 
dared to sail to a farther point. The Madeira Islands and 
the Canaries were reached in the year 141 8; but it took 
years and years to get up courage sufficient to pass Cape 
Bojador, for just beyond it lay, as they thought, that fiery 
ocean and those unspeakable monsters! 

So it was a great achievement when Cape Verd was 
passed in 1446. 

Nearly twenty years later Sierra Leone was reached. 
If you know what "Sierra" and ''leone" mean, perhaps 
you can guess the reason for this name! 

Twenty years more — then there was a discovery — 
nothing less than the mouth of the great Congo River. 
By this time people had become quite courageous, but more 
than courage was required to ascend the Congo — as you 
will soon see — so that not very much could be learned about 
it at that time. 

Brave Prince Henry died before his ships could reach 
the end of the continent, but at length — it was in i486 — 
the end was reached, and called Stormy Cape. Later, as 
the possibility of sailing on to India was seen, the name 
was changed to the Cape of Good Hope. 

The year 1500 had almost come when Vasco da Gama 
really did find the way to India; he also explored the east 

13 



m 

coast of Africa from Natal — so named because he stoppec^ 
there on Christmas Day — to Cape Guardafui, opposite 
Arabia. 

All these discoveries were made by the Portuguese. 
You can easily trace their voyages by the names they left 
behind them ! 

But at the end of the continent something seems to 
have happened. Wackerstroom and Stellenhosch do not 
sound exactly like Portuguese. Nor does Smithfield. Do 
you suppose the Dutch and the English can by this time 
have taken a hand in South Africa? 

Now are seen the real size and shape of Africa, and there 
is a little fringe of knowledge around the edges ! 

But of what lies within this narrow border no man 
knows. 



H sball open up Hfrica, or perisb. 



Suggested Programme. Chapter I. 

I. Singing. The Crusader's Hymn. '' Fairest Lord Jesus." 

II. Bible Reading: Africa in the Bible. 

III. Prayer. Offering. 

IV. Roll-call. 

V. Singing: '' The Light of the World is Jesus." 

VI. The Black-and- White Stone and the Kaaba. Three-minute 

paper. 

VII. A Pilgrimage to Mecca. Description. 

VIII. Where Mohammed Prevails in Africa. Map Talk, 

IX. Raymond Lull. First Missionary to Mohammedans. 

Three-minute sketch. 

X. The Bible in Arabic. How Wide is its Influence? Dis- 

cussion. 

XI. Boys and Girls in Cairo and Assyut. 

XII. Singing: "All Hail the Power of Jesus' Name." 

See Reports of the Church Missionary Society and of the 
United Presbyterian Church of America. 

14 



Questions. 

Why has Egypt ahvays been so well known? 

Give three reasons for the small knowledge of other parts of 

Africa? 
Why were the Africans not a sea-going people? 
What people came into Africa from Arabia? 
During the Dark Ages, how large was Africa thought to be? 
Who was the first to learn its greater size? 
What was the object of Prince Henry's voyages? 
Why were seamen unwilling to undertake a voyage around 

Africa? 
When was the mouth of the Congo discovered? 
In what year did Da Gama find the way to India ? 
For Progressive Map Work. Rivers. 

What do these dates stand for in Africa? 
1497. 1817. 1732. 1848. 1861. 1858. 



PUZZLE. 

I have 97 letters: 

My 59, 20, 5, 55, 15, was discovered by Livingstone. 

My 6, 73, 97, 2, 80, is a great river in Africa. 

My 49, I, 95, 26, 12, where Mungo Park died. 

My 5i» 5' 3O' 3i» ^' 9» 40, 90, I, 70, 73, 53, 66, 5, 50, is in process of 
making. 

My 75, 85, 23, 93, 96, 7, 76, :i,^, an old and famous African city. 
My 10, II, 12, 13, 14, 15, was long unexplored. 
My 51, 33, 44, 82, 47, ^'settled the Nile." 
My 4, 45, 67, 68, 78, was a celebrated explorer. 

My 16, 24, 32, 2, 34, 28, 65, 57, 25, 48, was discovered by Burton 
and Speke. 

My 55, 18, 92, 91, 94, 28, 55, 3, 49, 19, 41, 27, 63, connects Nyasa 

and Tanganyika. 
My 86, 87, 60, 61, 58, 43, 4, 29, in whose country Livingstone died. 
My 46, 39, 22, 83, 21, 52, 44, 71, the Black Bishop of the Niger. 
My 72, 17, 81, 74, 93, 69, Crowther's country. 
My 84, 5, 67, 55, 5, a tribe of Central Sudan. 
My 30, 62, 95, 42, 13, 47, 55, were found by Stanley. 
My 55, 46, 36, 79, 78, 88, 59, 37, 64, 81, 35, 77, the explorer of' the 

Sudan. 

My 37, 44, 56, 54, 51, 89, 13, 55, 42, has great influence in Africa. 
My whole led to the establishment of the Universities' Mission. 
Who said my whole f When f Where f 

15 



What does the explorer owe to the missionary, and the mission- 
ary to the explorer? The missionary contributes largely to ex- 
ploration and discovery. He is generally first in the field, is there 
to stay and is the only skilled observer available. His maps and 
charts mean much to geography. Missionaries can collect facts, 
though their leisure is far less than geographical societies suppose ; 
but in the collation, comparison and investigation of these facts, 
the geographer discharges his obligation to our missionary. But 
there is another method in which the geographers may contribute 
to missions — by the acknowledgment of missionary authorities 
and the inculcation of missionary facts as a part of the ordinary 
teaching of geography in schools. In a famous paper upon Africa, 
written in 1879, out of sixty-one authorities quoted, forty-four were 
missionaries. — From Ecumenical Missionary Conference Report, 
Vol, /, p. 326. 

Now those German brethren at the beginning said they did not 
go out to be geographical discoverers, but to preach the gospel 
to these dark people, but God has rewarded them as he rewarded 
Solomon. Solomon asked not for riches and wealth, but for wis- 
dom to govern the people, and God gave him that, and in addition 
a tremendous fame all over the Eastern world ; and so God rewarded 
these men by making them the initiators of all those wonderful 
discoveries which have resulted to-day in the partition of Africa 
among the European powers. — Ecumenical Missionary Conference 
Report, Vol. I, p. 330. 

David Livingstone led the way, and he has been followed by a 
great force of explorers. . . . The moral element and mis- 
sionary aim in Livingstone's work have been by far the most power- 
ful factors in the production of real and lasting benefit to the hap- 
less tribes of one-half of the forlorn continent. — Dawn in the Dark 
Continent, p. 16. 



\^ 



CHAPTER II. 

HOW WE CAME TO KNOW IT BETTER. Part I. 

Africa stands alone in a geographical view. Penetrated by no inland seas, nor over- 
spread with extensive lakes, like those of North America, nor having, in common with 
other continents, rivers running from the center to the extremities ; but, on the contrary, 
its regions separated from each other by the least practicable of all boundaries, arid 
deserts of such formidable extent as to threaten all those who traverse them with the 
most horrible of all deaths, that arising from thirst ! — Statement put forth by the African 
Association in the year 1788, A. D. 

No rivers running from the center to the coasts ? And no 
LAKES? hut mostly, dry and scorching deserts? Was that 
what they thought of Africa in 1788? Well, there were 
some mighty rivers at the edges; that much was certain. 

There was the Nile, on the north; the Congo on the 
west and the Zambesi on the east. 

The mouths of these rivers they knew; but, according 
to the African Association, there seemed not to be any 
sources! 

And there was the Niger. The trouble here was that 
while its upper courses were known, they could not find 
its source, or its mouth, either, though many men looked 
hard for it and lost their lives in doing so. One of these 
was Mungo Park, a famous traveler and a Scotchman, 
though one might think from his name that he was a native 
African. 

Really, when we think of Africa as we know it now, it 
does seem unbelievable almost that people could ever have 
had such queer ideas about the Niger river. Why, they 
thought that it was possibly the beginning of the Congo, or, 
that it might even be the source of the Nile! Imagine the 
course it would have to take, up hill and down dale, to be 
that ! 

You do not know what desperately hard work it was to 
find out where the Niger really did empty itself into the 
ocean. There were all kinds of obstacles in the way. 

You remember, perhaps, that black and white stone, 
and the people to whom it meant so much? They had 
conquered North Africa, you know, and many of the native 
tribes had become Mohammedans (they had to, or die by 
the sword), and it was a most dangerous journey that the 
explorers of the Niger undertook, for in those Mohammedan 
countries ''Christian dogs " were sometimes horribly treated. 

17 



There had been some curious stories told of this part of 
Africa. One was about a beautiful city with a glorious 
architecture and brilliant towers. Well, one of these Niger 
explorers found the city and entered it; but the brilliant 
toweis turned out to be only huts, black specks amid a 
waste of dreary sand, low built, mud-walled, barbarian 
settlements. 

Can you guess the name of the city? You can find it, 
brilliant towers, black specks and all, if you choose to look 




sudaiu 



Var JJanti- on I.ohok Iiirer, 



in Tennyson's poems. But the mystery of the mouth of 
the Niger was solved at last. Well solved too, for Landor 
found it meandering into the Gulf of Benin by three mouths ! 

But the Nile! One of the longest rivers in the world, 
though they did not know it then — Where did it start ? 

An English traveler named Bruce thought he had 
found out, and so he had discovered the head waters of the 
Blue Nile, after all only a branch of the great Nile itself. 
But the real "sources," where were they? 

Of course you know perfectly well — the sources of the 
Nile and about all there is to know — in geography — beside! 

This is just the difference between you and the boys 
and girls of a hundred years ago — more or less. 



But wait a bit! It will not do to feel supercilious or 
superior on this account, for you will see presently that it is 
owing to these very boys — some of them — that you do 
know. For though at this time "fellows," or only kids, 
perhaps, or even mere babies, these boys afterwards be- 
came famous African explorers to whom are due the great 
discoveries of the last fifty or sixty years. 

It needed tremendous energy and courage and endur- 
ance and perseverance, and noble self-sacrifice to overcome 
the obstacles in the way of finding out those fascinating 
secrets! Don't you almost envy them the chance to do 
such splendid things? 

You need not, for there is brave work — oh, plenty of it — 
yet to be done in Africa ! 

You remember it was the Portuguese who sailed around 
the greater part of the continent, making settlements at a 
number of points on the coasts. We are coming now, you 
know, to the exploration of the interior, and this has been 
mainly done by the English, though the first European to 
make his way into the interior from the east coast was a 
German, but he went to Africa as a missionary of the Eng- 
lish Church Missionary 
Society, so it amounts 
to much the same thing. 

The name of this 
missionary was John 
Ludwig Krapf, and I 
hope you can manage 
to write it on your mind 
in some unusual way so 
that you can never for- 
get it, for it is owing to 
Krapf that we know — 
ah — just wait a little 
and you will see what! 

There is but one name of greater importance to Africa, 
and that is — David Livingstone. And even Livingstone might 
not have done his greatest work if it had not been for Krapf! 

When Krapf took his journey down the east coast, 
Africa was like three great question marks : 

Where does the Congo rise ? 

What is the course of the Zambesi ? and 

WHERE ARE THE sources of the NILE? 

19 




TJte First Missioiiary Grave in. ICast Africa. 
Whose :^ 



A long time ago, hundreds and hundreds of years, a 
famous Greek story teller mentioned in one of his tales the 
"fountains" of the Nile. 

You would hardly believe the number of weary miles 
that have been tramped in the search for these fountains ! 
For the smallest school-bo3'"s, the very babies almost, have 
always known that the Nile ever}^ 3^ear overflows its banks 
and spreads over the country far and wide, and if the 
interior of Africa were a scorching desert as the wise men 
then thought, where did all this water come from? 

But you say I am making 3^ou forget Krapf. Oh, no, 
indeed; just keep these Nile fountains in mind and you 
will never forget John Ludwig Krapf ! 

It may not be true that a boy or girl who is fond of 
geography is sure to become a missionary. But a love of 
geography certainly seems to lead that way, and if there 
should be joined with it pleasure and skill in the study of 

languages — well, at 
least our John Lud- 
wig was fascinated 
by these studies, 
and he became a 
fine missionary. 

About a third of 
the way down the 
east coast of Africa 
is the island of Zan- 
zibar; a little north 
of it is another 
island verynear the 
coast. This is Mom- 
basa, and here in 
1846 we find Dr. 
Krapf and his 
companion mis- 
sionary, John Reb- 
mann. 

They first studied a language called Swahili, a mixture 
of Arabic and several African languages which is under- 
stood by traders and even by natives from far distant 
tribes, who have learned something of it in their trips to 
the coast. 

Then from Mombasa Krapf and Rebmann made many 

20 




In a Native Village, East Africa. 




Masai Warri07\^. 
Britis/i East Africa. 



trips to the mainland and traveled long distances into the 
interior, to tell the gospel to the people and to prepare the 
wav for those who should come after them. On these trips 
and from traders who came to Mombasa, they learned 
much about the surrounding country. They heard of a 

''great sea," and of a 
mountain covered with 
silver, but full of evil 
spirits, and very dan- 
gerous to approach. 

Thinking with all the 
rest of the world that 
the interior of Africa 
was mostly desert, they 
were much surprised by 
these stories, but great- 
ly interested, as you 
may suppose. Every- 
where they went they 
asked questions about 
the "great sea," gathering together every scrap of 
information. After a while they made a map of Central 
Africa, drawing upon it this great inland sea, as they 
supposed it to be. 

Then they sent the map to the Church Missionary 
Society in London. 

As for the silver-topped mountain : — 
Rebmann once went on a long journey into the 
interior. These journeys were full of risks. There is 
not time to say much about the dangers from robbers, 
from fever, and from hunger and thirst — especially 
from wild animals, for this region of Africa is full of 
them. 

You should read about their adventures; they are ex- 
citing enough, I can tell you — with lions and worse still, 
the fierce rhinoceros and other animals on land and the 
hippopotamus and crocodile in the rivers ! 

But Rebmann came out of all these perils alive, and 
one day looking up — far up — against the deep blue sky, 
lie saw — in Africa! and almost on the equator! — shining, 
glistening snow. 

Greatly excited, they wrote home to Europe, telling 
this amazing story, and do you know that, missionaries 

21 




JSfgoni Warriors in Full Dress. 



though they were — people would not believe them? 
"Eternal snow at the equator " forsooth! 

They said that it could not be snow, but must be 
something else; they did not say what. 

Rebmann was right, though — missionaries generally 

are! — it was snow 
he had seen and 
later, when travel- 
ers came out to ex- 
plore it, the moun- 
tain was found to 
be nearly 20,000 
feet high. 

Soon after Reb- 
mann 's discovery, 
Krapf saw for the 
first time another 
s now - c ove red 
peak, called Mt. 
Kenia. 

The evil spirits 
of the mountains against which they had been warned 
turned out to be "Jack Frost," who, when the natives 
climbed the mountain to get some "silver," nipped off 
their fingers and toes! 

The excitement over the discovery of these mountains, 
great as it was, did not begin to equal what people in Europe 
felt when Krapf 's and Rebmann 's map came out in the 
Church Intelligencer, the magazine published by the Church 
Missionary Society. Was it possible that there was such an 
enormous body of water in Africa ? 

And if so — there was that great question about the 
sources of the Nile to be settled, 3^ou know! 

So the Royal Geographical Society of England sent out 
two men to find whether the stories of the inland sea were 
true. The men selected were Captain Burton and Captain 
Speke. Please notice these naines, for " Burton and Speke" 
mean much to Africa, as you will see. 

Such a journey! Do ask some one who knows to tell 
you where to find the very best account of it, so that you 
may read it for yourself. This is the only way to really 
understand what Burton felt when one day — it was Feb- 
ruary 13, 1858 — having climbed a high hill, he saw spread 

22 



out before him, to his great wonder and delight, the 
beautiful Tanganyika Lake — its clear waters gleaming 
against a background of magnificent mountains. 

It was a great discovery — but Tanganyika was not the 
''great lake" of Krapf and Rebmann; this the natives 
told them was a vast sheet of water lying farther north. 
They said, too, that from it a great river flowed toward the 

NORTH. 

So they went back to Ujiji {Ujiji is worth looking up. 
More than one thing has happened there!) Burton was 
now too ill to go further. So Speke and his carriers set out 
alone to search for the other lake. 

And he found it — an Inland Sea, indeed, as Krapf had 
said — and he named it the Victoria Nyanza (Nyanza 
means lake). 

When Burton and Speke got back to England, they found 

that they were great 
men, you may be sure.. 
And you may be just 
as sure that the discov- 
eries did not end here. 

There was that * * river 
flowing north," you 
remember. Speke re- 
membered it too! And 
very soon returned to 
Africa to look for it. 

Did he find it? Yes, 
he did — he found it 
pouring grandly forth 
from the Victoria Lake, 
in a series of beautiful 
cascades. This is the 
message he sent home 
to England: the Nile 

IS SETTLED. 

You remember those 
stories which might possibly "come true" some day? 
V/ell, one of them — told about 150 A. D., by a 
geographer named Ptolemy — was that the Nile issued 
from two great lakes in the middle of Africa, and now, 
after all these hundreds of years of unbelief, peoule 
admit that old Ptolemy told the truth. 

23 




TJie King of Uganda at Lessons. C. 21. S. 



But what is that you say — two great lakes 9 

Yes, for one thing leads to another, you know; after 

Speke, came out another great traveler — Sir Samuel Baker 

— who discovered the Albert Lake — finding that it had a 

good deal to do with the Nile. 

Yes, and after that Stanley found — but we have not 

come to Stanley yet ! 



H view tbc cjco^rapbical exploration as tbc beginning of 
tbe missionary enterprise. H inclube in tbe latter term 
cvcvQthinci in tbe wa^ of tbe amelioration of our race. 



Suggested Programme. Chapter II. Part i. 

I. Singing: '^ Galilee, Bright Galilee." 

II. Bible Reading: By the Lake of Galilee. 

III. Prayer. 

rV. Singing: " Break Thou the Bread of Life." 

V. The Silver-topped Mountain. 

VI. The Great Lake, and How it Came to be Known. 

VII. John Ludwig Krapf; How Much Did He Do for Africa? 

Discussion. 

VIII. The Victoria Lake Country, 1846; 1905. A contrast. (Story 

of C. M. S. in East Africa.) 

IX. Roll call (Responses: Discoveries in Africa. Offering). 

X . Singing : ' ' Fling Out the B anner. ' ' 

Questions. Chapter II. Part i. 

1 . How was Africa thought of in i 788 ? 

2. What four great questions had no answers at that time? 

3. Who discovered the mouth of the Niger? 

4. Who discovered the head waters of the Blue Nile (why called 

'"Blue?") 

5. Who was the first white man to explore Africa from the East 

Coast ? 

6. To what did hiis missionary journeys lead? 

7. Who discovered Mount Kilimanjaro? 

8. How was Lake Tanganyika discovered? 

9. How did Speke find Krapf s Great Lake? 
10. Who discovered the sources of the Nile? 

Progressive Map. Lakes. 
Why will these names long be famous in Africa? 

Kuruman. luyanti. Freetown. Freretown. Ujiji. Ilala. 

24 



HOW WE CAME TO KNOW IT BETTER. Part II. 

It was in 1848 that Rebmann discovered Mount 
Kilimanjaro in equatorial East Africa. 

It is a long way from Mount Kilimanjaro to Koloheng, 
in South Africa, and at that time it would have been al- 
most as easy to go to the moon as from one of these places 
to the other. 

But we must manage to do it, for at Kolobeng is some- 
one whom we have waited quite long enough to see. 




Native Huts^ South Africao 



He is a strongly built man, broad shouldered, deep 
chested, strong and well; not very handsome, and his face 
might be stern if it were not fpr the kindliness and fun in 
his hazel eyes. Do you know him ? 

He has been a missionary in South Africa. for some 
years. The Dutch Boers are not friendly to missionaries 
and have done all they can to stop him in his work. 

They cannot stop him, though. He is on his way north- 
ward to find a suitable place for a new station, and he says: 
"Providence seems to call me to the regions beyond. I 

25 



shall go, no matter who opposes me. We shall see who 
will conquer — I, or they." 

Before him lies the great Kalihari Desert, which no 
white man has ever crossed, but this white man believes 
that he can cross it, and that beyond it he will find — no 
matter what the "stay-at-home geographers" may say — 
lakes and rivers and forests and people, for he is a missionary 
explorer, remember. 

Two hunters — looking for game in the country beyond — 
are going with him on this journey, and, thanks to the 
generosity and forethought of one of them — whose name 
is William Cotton Oswell — there is in readiness a caravan — 
heavy Dutch wagons, eighty oxen, two horses and thirty 
or forty men. 

This man, as I said, looks remarkably well and strong, 
yet as he suddenly raises his right arm you can see that for 
a moment he is in sharp pain. Something must have hap- 
pened to that arm! 
Lions , perhaps ? 
There ivere lions in 
South Africa at that 
time. Now, do you 
know him ? 

Well — they cross 
the desert, six hun- 
dred miles of it, and 
'' tha/c most dreadful 
of all deaths, that 
arising from thirst," 
seems very near 
sometimes, for this 
is the dry season 
and the desert is 
"arid" enough to 
justify even the African Association's forebodings! If 
they only knew of the water stored up in the roots of a 
certain plant that grows here! 

The end is reached at last. What lies beyond? A 
beautiful fertile country, with forests and a lovely tree- 
lined river — and blue Lake Ngami — the first of the many, 
many discoveries of this explorer-missionary. 

A vast population is in this country, and the hunters 
find it crowded with game— all kinds, big and little! 

26 




Native Chief and Wives. 



But there is a ''big chief" in this country, too, whose 
rule extends far and wide, and when our travelers ask per- 
mission to cross the tree-lined river and explore the country 
oil the other side they are refused ! 

So to the Jews, old Canaan stood 
While Jordan rolled between ! 

Back again that weary way to Kolobeng! and the next 
year a second journey to Lake Ngami. The chief says 
"ves" this time, but sickness sends them back once more. 



m^&t 






■"U,-^/; 


m'J'_j^^l 


% ^ ■.; 


^m 



Listening to the Preacher. 

This country of Lake Ngami is fertile and well watered 
and lovely — beautiful to look upon — but here, too, were 
sights of horror which burned into this missionary's very 
heart-— and ever more through the story of Africa until the 
work is finished that he began, shall we feel his great 
heart throbbing — throbbing 

He sees that there is only way to stop these horrors : 

These regions must be opened up to commerce and 
civilization, and this must be accomplished by finding a 
waterway from the west or east coast; for the long journey, 
the Dutch Boers and the Kalihari Desert prevent its being 
done from Cape Town, in the Cape Colony. So this tire- 
less explorer and missionary, and Oswell, the ''prince of 
hunters," journey northwards for the third time. 

One of those Question Marks — I hope you remember them 
— has been rubbed out, but there are still two to be answered! 

27 



No one has yet the faintest idea where the Zambesi 
may be grandly flowing, while knowledge of the Congo 
stands at zero! worse than that, even; for what the geog- 
raphers mistakably thottghi they knew brings their knowl- 
edge quite far over on the minus side! 

Let us watch these plans for opening up the country 
north of Lake Ngami. The}^- may lead to something inter- 
esting ! 

Our travelers in their third attempt cross the Zouga 
and pass through the country of the Makololo to Liny an ti 
(May 23, 1853). I wonder if they can feel beforehand 
anything of what is coming — for soon after leaving Lin- 
yanti, a magnificent scene bursts upon them. It is a great 
river rolling, l)etween banks of white sand, through a won- 
derfully beautiful country. 

And so wei e discovered the upper courses of the Zambesi ! 

The next thing is to find that waterway to the coast. 
Eastward, shall it be? Or — Westward? Eastward or 
Westward no white man has ever gone. There are track- 
less forests, wild beasts, savage men, hunger and weariness, 
all these dangers and many more. He knows them all, but 
sets out — AVestward. "/ shall open tip Africa or perish,'' 
he says. 

Do you know him yet ? 

The king of the Makololo — Sekeletu was his name — 
was an intelligent man and became much interested in 
these plans for bringing trade to his country, and gave per- 
mission for some of his men to undertake the long journey 
to the west. Oswell has returned to South Africa, so the 
missionary starts alone with his followers. 

For two months they ascend the Zambesi in canoes, 
then they march through the pathless forests, and hills, and 
plains, toward the western coast — crossing and crossing 
again, river after river — for the interior of Africa turned out 
to be a land of rivers — and in addition, the rainy season 
came on, pouring rain, brimming rivers and swamps — more 
rain, more rivers, more swamps, not exactly the waterless 
desert of the geographers ! 

But the sufferings and hardships of that tramp through 
the wilderness who can tell? Hunger — almost to starva- 
tion — there never was enough to eat — discomfort of every 
kind — sleeping in water sometimes — chills and burning 
fevers — would the long journey never, never end? 

28 



One thing never failed: the courage and cheerfulness 
of the leader of this little band. 

Have I said that he was a m^rficaZ-missionary-explorer ? 
You should have seen the sick people who came to him in 
crowds from far and near; and you should have heard the 
preaching and gentle teaching and pursuasion which led 
many and many of these heathen men to become loyal 
Christians. And how they loved him! Some travelers 
carve their names on trees and rocks. This traveler wrote 
his name on the hearts of the people ! And there it remains 
to this day — handed down to children's children. As for 
his followers — the 
men who went with 
him, and whom he 
afterwards led safe- 
ly back to their 
homes — of their love 
and fidelity to the 
man whom they 
loved to call 
'* master" you may 
hear more bye and 
bye. 

This 3 ourney end- 
ed at Loanda in the 
Portuguese territory 
on the west coast, 
May 31, 1854. But 
the waterway had 
not been found to 
the Westward. 

Then it must be discovered to the Eastward. Back 
to Linyanti — then down the Zambesi to Quillimane on 
the east coast! All the way across Africa! It must be 
done. Loanda was left in September, 1854; Quillimane 
was entered May, 1856! 

Some day you will read this traveler's own accounts 
of his journeys. This is the best way, for every day, sick 
or well, he wrote in his journals, and you cannot think how 
fresh and interesting they are. Some day, perhaps, you 
will travel where he led the way! then you will see that 
great sight of Africa — of all the world, for that matter — 
which first met his eyes on this journey, the falls of the 

29 




The Victoria Falls. 



Zambesi, to whom their discoverer gave the name of 
"Victoria Falls." 

This great achievement of opening Central Africa was 
met with a storm of applause in Europe, and it led to a vast 
amount of further exploration in South and Central Africa. 
At the same time the secrets of the Sudan were being 
found out. 

But this greatest of African explorers had not yet fin- 
ished his work. 

He discovered Lake Nyasa and Lake Bemba, or Bang- 
weolo, many large rivers flowing south to the Zambesi, 
and after a long time, a great river flowing toward the 
north! This was the Lualaba river. Even here in the 
heart of Africa it was a mighty stream. When it should 
reach the ocean it must surely be the Congo — or the 
Nile! 

But the Nile was ''settled.'' Yes; that is so. Speke 
settled the fact that it flowed out of the Victoria Nyanza. 
But what waters feed the Victoria Nyanza? There must 
be large streams flowing into the lake. Then might not 
those streams be the long lost ''fountains" of the Nile? 

Yet the mighty Congo must "rise" somewhere! So 
this Lualaba had to be "settled" too. 

The Congo, or the Nile? This sounds like "The Lad^^ 
or the Tiger? " and for years and years it was as difficult to 
say which. 

While trying to settle it this great missionary-explorer 
died ; but not before he had inspired another brave traveler 
to take up his work where he laid it down. For when 
"lost" in the pathless forests, Stanley had found him — now 
you know him ! 

And no English-speaking boy or girl needs to be told 
that on that magnificent journey of one thousand days save 
one from coast to coast, Stanley followed Livingstone's 
mighty river out to the Western Sea, and so answered 
Africa's last great Question — "Where does the Congo 
rise?" 

And 5^an/(?;v discovered those "fountains." 



ir woul^ not consent to qo merely as a geographer, but 
as a missionary, an^ to l)0 geocirapb^ b^ tbe wa^. 

30 



Suggested Programme. Chapter II. Part II. 

I. Singing: ''O God of Bethel." (Livingstone's favorite hymn.) 

II. Bible Reading: The Perfect Medical Missionary. 

III. Prayer. Offering. 

IV. Singing: '' Hail to the Lord's Anointed," verses i, 2 and 3. 

V. The First Journey Northward. Three-minute paper. 

VI. View of the Zambesi and the Victoria Falls. Description. 

VII. First Sight of the Slave Hunters. 

VIII. Healing the Sick, and Making Friends. 

IX. The First Journey 
Across Africa. 

X. ''Lost" and Found. 

XI. Roll Call. 

XII. Singing: '' Brightly 
Gleams Our B anner. ' ' 
(A favorite hymn 
with Stanley.) 

Questions. 

Chapter II. Part II. 

. , ,, , . r ,^ Ekwendeni Station, Nyasaland. 

I. At the time of the 

discovery of Mt. Kilimanjaro, who was pressing on into 

Central Africa from the South? 
What were his first great discoveries? 
How often did he cross the Kalihari Desert? 
When was the course of the Zambesi discovered? 
Who was the first whi-te man to cross Africa and to give an 

account of his journey? 
Who discovered Lake Nyasa? 
What great question still remained unanswered? 
Who discovered the Lualaba river (called the Livingstone 

river) ? 
What river did it prove to be? How was this question settled ? 
Who found the fountains of the Nile? 
Progressive Map. Mountains. 
Write 100-word sketches of: 
Lull. Coillard. Lapsley. Mackay. Hannington. Good. 




PUZZLE. 



On a certain tree near a Lake in Central Africa is a brass pkitc, 
with an inscription. What does it commemorate f What is the 
inscription f Who put the plate on the tree f How ivas the tree 
found f 

31 



This country is not like Hawaii, which is gay; this is beautifully 
solemn. There are many gorgeous flowers and superb trees. The 
forest between Lolodorf and Batanga is not level; much of the way 
the path lies among mountains. I have seen great forests before, 
but never such deeps as here. Once we had set out, we made 
steadily east, one after the other, up hills and down, over streams 
or through them, in rain or sun, and always in the most beautiful 
world I have ever seen. So palpably great was the forest that we 
seemed to be sunk in a deep well, with all its green waters above us. 
In the four days I saw more beauty than in all my life before. 

Everywhere in the late afternoon the forest holds its breath. 
Africa is very strange — even when I think how beautiful, I liave 
misgivings; she has a secret, you would say. There is something 
appalling about the shadows among the trees, they are so dark and 
dead. 

I attended service here, my first African service. There were 
boys big and little, some women and girls as well — rather grand 
people these last, for their pretty brown shoulders showed out of 
real Indian Madras handkerchiefs. I did not dare look about very 
much; but they sang tremendously solemn Scotch tunes, and said 
"x^men" like thunder, after all the prayers. Coming out after- 
wards, we were met by a sad little party, just in from one of the 
out-stations — they had brought one of the missionaries to the 
government hospital, ill with blackwater fever. The poor mans 
wife was young and very sweet. 

On the following Sunday we went up the river to a mission 
station that would have broken your heart — well, no use talking 
about that. The wife of the doctor down with fever, the minister 
sitting by, looking at us out of deep, still eyes, thinking some sad 
thoughts of his own. I was thinking, too. It was as if I were 
walking a beam and had looked down long enough to be dizzy. In 
this country one must see Christ, or perish; and I mean to keep my 
face that way. It is not easy to tell how deep a sense of need 
stirred in me, nor how sure a hope of deUverance; I am all right if 
1 do my part. — Jean Kenyon Mackenzie in Woman's Work. 



32 



CHAPTER III. 



AFRICA AS IT REALLY IS. 

SO you really know it better than you did ? Or, if you 
were to own up ''honest," as you boys and girls say, 
would you not have to admit that notwithstanding 
all the lakes and rivers that have been found in it, 
Africa, 5,000 miles long, and in its broadest part 
nearly 5,000 miles wide, seems to you merely an enormous 
stretch of hot, flat, barren, rather desolate and ** gravelly " 
land, and generally a brownish kind of country, people and 
all? Does it? 

Well, investigation is the twentieth century way of 
doing things. Suppose we investigate a little! 
First then , as to being hot. 

It must be admitted that the equator runs straight 
through Africa, and near the middle of it, at that ! So that 
the ''tropics" stretch away to the north of it, and down to 
the south, leaving only a small portion of temperate zone 
at either end. 

But then — Africa is like a dish turned upside down. At 
least so everyone says! Some say a "saucer" or a "soup 
plate," or even 
a" baking dish," 
though this, I 
think, is an un- 
fortunate com- 
parison, as you 
will see. Those 
who like long 
words say "in- 
verted," but 
usually the ver- 
dict is: "Afiica 
is like a dish 
turned upside 
down." 

For, you see, 
around the coast 




The New Road at Livingstonia. 



is a strip — anywhere from fifty to two hundred miles wide 
— of low-lying country. This is the rim of the dish. 

Back of this strip the land rises, very suddenly and 
steeply in some places — like the sides of the dish — to a 

33 



height of three or four thousand feet, and the plateau thus 
formed is the bottom of the dish. Boys, of course, do not 
know, but girls do, the melancholy looking cake that would 
result should the bottom of the pan it is baked in upheave 
or sink down. 

And this African plateau sinks toward the middle, and 
in some places swells upward, occasionally soaring to a 
height of say 20,000 feet! 

It therefore seems wise to discard the baking-dish 
notion. 

But notice how many things are accounted for by this 
peculiar shaping of Africa. 

For one thing, it is not in all places so desperately hot. 
Down on the coast it is pretty bad, very bad in fact, and 
all the worse because of the great moisture in the air. And 
the African sun everywhere blazes down with a fierce heat, 
so that it is never safe for white people to stand under it 
with uncovered head. 

But the nights are not hot, and think of the high plateau, 
of the breezy uplands, and the cool mountain tops! not to 
speak of the icy cold tops of Kilimanjaro and Kenia, and 
other snow-covered peaks. 

Really it is true that because of this plateau, over great 
stretches of country, the climate of Africa is delightful. 
Indeed, I once heard a party of travelers from Africa, who 
arrived in New York on a fervid July day, say that they 
could scarcely endure its heat; they thought they would 
have to go back to Africa to get cool ! And their home in 
Africa was right over — or under — the equator. With our 
idea of African heat, this was rather hard on New York, was 
it not? 

The line of greatest heat is not at the equator, though, 
but some distance north of it, and I fancy the heat of the 
Sahara exceeds that of New York's very hottest day! 

And you remember the plateau sinks toward the mid- 
dle, and surrounding this lower part are mountains. 

Now you may have noticed that here at home water 
runs down hill, and stops only when it reaches the lowest 
spot it can find. And there it stays until something hap- 
pens to make it ' ' move on. " 

It is just so in Africa! And there must be many a 
spring and fountain among those mountains, for after a 
time the hollows fill up — and lo! besides many smaller 

34 



lakes, we see Tanganyika and Nyasa; Albert, and Albert 
Edward Nyanza, and the mighty Victoria Lake. 

The streams keep running into these lakes, and out 
from Nyasa pours the Shire river southwards to swell the 
Zambesi; Albert and Albert Edward and the Victoria Lake 
start the great Nile on its course of two thousand miles or 
more to the north, while far, far away, in the west, the 
Atlantic receives Tanganyika, by way of the Congo 
river ! 

Then, too, the plateau sheers off more or less suddenly, 
shortly before reaching the coasts. 

And so there are in Africa cataracts and cascades and 
rapids and waterfalls whose wildness and beauty are be- 
yond the power of words to describe; for when those 
mighty rivers — those which are now old friends, and many 
others beside — flowing oceanward, reach the edge of the 
*'dish," they can, 
of course, do nothing 
but fall over it, 
seething and boiling 
over rocks which 
lash them into white 
foam, or in gleam- 
ing, blue-green 
sheets, with deafen- 
ing roar, like the surf 
of the sea; rising 
again in veils and 
towering columns of 
silvery mist, shot 
through and through 
with rainbows! 

And /Za^,did you 
say? Oh, no! no! no! 
Even in the worst 
times when people 
would believe almost 
nothing about Af- 
rica, they did not doubt there were mountains in it. There 
was Mount Atlas; people always believed in it, and you re- 
member those mutteringsfrom his head that so badly scared 
Prince Henry's navigators! And you know the mountain 
that stood so obstinately in front of Hercules when he was on 

35 




The Forest Path. 



his way to the gardens of the Hesperides to get those 
golden apples? He struck it a blow with his club, you 
remember, dividing it in two, and there were — and are — 
the Pillars of Hercules — one of them in Africa! And the 
Mountains of the Moon! Whatever other beliefs went 
down in rack and ruin, people always hoped that the Moun- 
tains of the Moon might loom up some day, and in Africa 
as it really is, they do, indeed, loom up, their snowy heads 
piercing through the clouds. And other ranges there are, 
north, south, east and west; grassy, breeze-swept hills or 
higher mountains, some having magnificent trees in scat- 
tered groups, others covered with dense forests. Don't 
think Africa is fiat! Though it may, perhaps, have its 
level spaces. 

And barren — nothing will grow, you think? 

Did you ever hear of ground so fertile that if ''scratched 
with a hoe" it will yield a harvest? Well, that is the way 
it is in Africa ! And with such a hoe ! 

You should see the fields of maize and sugar cane, and 
the cassava gardens, the groves of plantains and bananas, 
the rich pasturage of those grassy hills. 

As to growing — why almost anything stuck into the 
ground will grow — the fences sprout and presto ! they are 
rows of trees ! And the very posts of the houses sometimes 
take root and grow. I know more than one house sending 
out limbs from its sides all green and leafy, and this is 
better than the upward growth which sometimes happens, 
for that is awkward for the roof. The legs of chairs and 
tables have been known to sprout. A happy thing, too, 
for the white ants will not touch anything that is green. 

If you take in Africa from north to south, and from 
the low coasts to the high table lands and the mountains, I 
think you could hardly name anything that has the power 
of growth that would not grow in some part of it, and 
abundantly, too. So please rub out barren from your 
mental picture! 

' ' Desolate ' ' and ''gravelly ? ' ' 

You see now that Africa is not ''gravelly," excepting in 
those regions where rain never, or scarcely ever, falls. 
There are such places; parts of the great Sahara in the 
north, and the smaller Kalihari desert in the south. Those 
terrific sand storms in which travelers are sometimes 
caught leave no doubt as to that. 

36 



''Desolate" means without life, doesn't it? And very 
quiet, with a kind of lonely stillness, as though there 
had been life which has passed away. 

It is desolate in some places, for Africa has been, above 
all others, a sorrowful land. 

But — what is that you see over in the Albert Lake 
country ? 

It looks like the rolling waves of a dark gray sea. It is 
coming nearer, though — and it is not a sea at all, but a herd 
of elephants coming down to the lake to drink. Now, they 




Mochudi {Kaffir Town). 



stop to feed. Do you hear that strange rumbling, like the 
purr of a cat, but much, oh, much louder! That is the 
sound an elephant makes when comfortable and happy, 
and the whole herd — there must be fully a hundred 
— mighty "tuskers" some of them are — are "rumbling" 
now. 

If you are a good shot, and if you have paid a hundred 
dollars or so for a permit (it has come to this in Africa!) you 
may shoot ov.e elephant. Aim right between his eyes. 
This is a fatal spot; you do not want a wounded "tusker" 
to charge furiously upon you! 

37 



There! one is lifeless and quiet, but there remain ninety 
and nine to plunge back into the forest bellowing, scream- 
ing, trumpeting, roaring and shaking the very earth. 

Considerable life — and considerable noise ! And, as even 
experienced hunters admit, most terrifying and nerve- 
racking noise. 

Down in the Nyasa country it is not "lonely, " if zebras 
can prevent it! What would you think of a herd number- 
ing one hundred thousand ! They do not neigh like horses 
nor bray like donkeys. The sound they make is more like 
a sharp bark, but even barks — by the hundred thousand — 
keep a place from being very silent. And sometimes, at 
night, lions and hyenas and leopards and other animals 
make the forests roar and howl and scream. 

You may meet in your day's tramp a rhinoceros, prob- 
ably two — they travel in pairs. There is danger that the 
meeting may be unpleasant for yoiL Or, if you are canoe- 
ing, a hippopotamus, coming up for fresh air, may capsize 
your boat and you into the midst of a — herd? — of crocodiles. 
Possibly there may be too much life, sometimes! 

Hunters in Africa do not take time to say the whole 
nauics of these last-mentioned creatures, but call them, for 
short, "rhinos," "hippos," and "crocs." 

There are giraffes and baboons and gorillas and ante- 
lopes and ostriches — which seem half bird and half camel, 
and — oh, yes, there are camels, but they are not really 
African, having been brought in from Arabia, by the 
Mohammedans, to be "ships of the desert." 

And there are chattering parrots by the thousand, and 
monkeys without number, swinging and climbing in the 
forests and making, as Dr. Halsey says, as much noise as 
a train of cars ! 

There are snakes in Africa, too — very poisonous, some 
of them are — and big lizards, and as for the insects — they 
swarm in myriads, many kinds, but most of all, ants — 
tiny yellow ants, red ants, their African name, meaning 
"boiling water," describes their bite — huge black ants an 
inch long — fortunately harmless; the kind called "vsiafu," 
which bite, indeed, and never let go until killed. They 
march along in their millions and nothing but fire will turn 
them from their chosen course. A man will sometimes 
burn down his house to get rid of them. 

Finally there are the large white ants, the kind that 

38 



devour almost everything in their way, and build those 
huge hillocks, which are such a common sight in Africa. 

I think you referred to a generally brownish sort of 
country. 

Well, in Africa there are "dry" and "rainy" seasons. 
In the wet season, things sometimes seem a little too wet, 
and it is possible that in the dry season they ma}" be rather 
too dry — and perhaps, a trifle brownish, especially in those 
sandy places we have spoken of. But just wait a little! 
The wise men are finding out how to treat deserts. It 
would surprise you to see how quickly Kalihari, when en- 
couraged by a few little showers, becomes green and 
pleasant, and when this desert and the Sahara are irri- 
gated, you will surely see them blossom as the rose ! 

But think of all those lakes and rivers and mountain 
torrents, and — I regret to say it — those sadly numerous 



^r^^E^MRy*^p**'as»*'i«^^ia»P^P»H-''.5''- ; • ■ ' a >,^"'><] 


-^^M^M^ 


: :aji.^^^ 








|ir^^ ' " 




. ....m 



A Halt in the Forest. 

swamps, where the water is often up to a man's waist, or even 
his neck ; the hot sun , and on the coasts the steaming moisture. 

And in place of your brown land, behold a world of 
beauty ! 

The majestic rivers, and the clear lakes; mountains 
blue in the distance, nearer by golden under the brilliant 
sunshine, their ravines filled with deep pur])ling shadows. 

Silvery topped are tliese mountains or rosy red where 

39 



the setting sun glows in rich crimson upon granite peaks. 
Sparkling water leaps down their sides, gleaming through 
the dark green glades of the forests. Such beautiful for- 
ests, the magnificent trees draped with rich vines and 
orchids, while at their feet are graceful ferns and fragrant 
and brilliant flowers of many colors. Do you see flying 
among the trees gray and scarlet parrots, the weaver bird 
with dazzling head of orange-gold, and the sun birds flash- 
ing green and red through the air? Gorgeous butterflies 
flit here and there — and look up, up, up through the trees; 
what soft bright blue sky is there, and what lovely fleecy 
white clouds float by! N'ot a brown land! 

Yet it is old Africa still, the same mysterious, awe- 
inspiring land — silent too, and still, save for sounds that 
seem only to make it the more remote and melancholy. 

And those dragons and monsters and fearful unseen 
terrors — are they not in this Africa ? 

See that heavy fog winding in and out on the river 
courses, like some frightful serpent. Its real name is 
fever, and many, many who have gone to Africa for Africa's 
good have been slain by it. This serpent is hundred- 
headed and hard to kill — but there are brave men in 
Africa who have set out to kill him. There, to-day, is a 
German — keeping his eye on him and patiently biding 
his time! When the right moment comes he will strike 
a crushing blow at those hundred heads. 

What was it that Livingstone said: ''I would like to 
devote a portion of my life to the discovery of a remedy 
for that terrible disease, the African fever." He learned 
much about it, and about how to prevent it, and the Liv- 
ingstone College took up his work ''where he left it off." 
This monster will be conquered some day, and those hor- 
rible creatures — half bird, half beast — which seem to have 
gone through and through Africa — their feet leaving ruin 
and desolation wherever they touched. Their real name 
is the slave trade! 

In the old Africa there was that unseen monster, which 
could be felt, but was the more fearful because it could not 
be seen and grappled with. It terrified the bravest men. 

But our present-day heroes, aye, and our present-day 
heroines, the missionaries, meet it. It is worse than all 
hardships — worse than the fever; but, with the help of 
Christ, they conquer it. Its real name to the Germans is 

40 



heimweh. We call it homesickness. So there is sadness and 
gloom in the beauty of Africa, but when its new life shall 
burst upon it, the gloom and sadness shall vanish away. 

Hnigwbere, provi&e& it be forwav&. 

Suggested Programme. Chapter III. 

I. Singing: '' O God of Bethel." (Livingstone's favorite hymn.) 

II. Bible Reading: Animals of the Bible. 

III. Prayer. Offering. 

IV. Singing: ''Peace, Perfect Peace." (Bishop Hannington's 

favorite hymn.) 

V. A Lion Story.* 

VI. Stopped by Elephants. f 

VII. Astonishment: A Tale of Two Lions t 

VIII. A Fall into a Game Pit.f 

IX. Rhinoceros, or?{ 

X. Life in a Hammock. J Keeping Christmas under Difficulties. % 
XL Roll Call (Responses. Animals of Africa.) 

XIL Singing: '' Brightly Gleams Our Banner." (Stanley's hymn.) 
Questions. Chapter III. 

1. What is yottr present idea of Africa? 

2. What is the 
real Africa's gen- 
eral shape? 

3. Why is its 
heat less than that 
of some tropical 
countries? 

4. Where is the 
line of greatest 
heat? 

5. Why are 
waterfalls very 
numerous? 

6. Name some 
of the principal 
mountains. 

7. Some of the 
natural products. 

8. H o w did 
camels come to 
Africa ? 

9. What part of 
the year is ''dry?" 
W hat par t " w et ? " 

10. Name ten things which help to make Africa a beautiful land 
Progressive Map. Political Divisicvi. 

Write 50-word sketches of: 
Africaner. Crowther. Sechele. Khama. Susi. Chuma 




O?) the Congo. 
S?fiaU Boyfi Clearittg the Path. 



* See " Life of Livingstone." 

tSee " Pioneering in Central Africa." Chapters XX\'l 1 1 ami 

% See " Peril and Adventure in Central Africa," pp. 62 09. 

41 



xxx. 



^' There is always much congratulation when a girl is born, as 
it means one more to cultivate the ground. 

"The saddest faces we saw were those of the women and little 
girls. The poor women and girls are sold just as the goats and 
chickens are sold. I asked one of our Christian boatmen what was 
the price of a woman in his town. He said when a man wanted a 
wife he bought her from her father or brother, or the head man of 
the town, or whoever owned her. The woman could do nothing. 
She was sold at the price her owner asked. The women do most 
of the work. We saw them early in the morning carrying heavy 
loads, and often in addition a baby strapped to their backs. We 
saw them hard at work in the gardens in the hot part of the day ; 
we saw them at evening go out with their fishing nets or baskets 
to catch fish. The husbands, meanwhile, were lazily smoking 
their pipes or lounging in the 'Palaver House/ talking, or when 
not too weary, hunting birds or animals which, when caught, the 
wife had to cook, and rarely was given any of it to eat. Their 
faces were very sad, and no wonder. Even little girls not over 
ten or twelve years of age are sold by their parents or brothers." 

"Some of the children are so stupefied by ill-treatment that 
often it is weeks before their poor, dull little faces begin to smile. 
They are lovable children, and they become very fond of those who 
are kind to them." 

"We passed some carriers. . . . The carrying of loads 
does not encourage sightseeing, and by the day's end the eyes of a 
carrier do not wander far from the path, so these women were pass- 
ing me, heads down. But I spoke the word of greeting and they 
looked up. ... It was very oppressively sad — there never 
was one that smiled at me. And the younger the girl, the more 
morose her gaze." 



42 



CHAPTER IV. 



m 



THE BOYS AND THE GIRLS. 

rE know now where to find them. In the Nile 
Valley; high up in the Lake country; where the 
Zambesi flows; — along the Congo — east or west, 
north or south — we know the way now to all the 
boys and girls of Africa. 

I wonder how they are living — what they are doing 
and saying and thinking and feeling, this very day! 
Because you know we — Americans, I mean, and Europeans 
— have had a great deal to do with this matter; their 
thoughts and actions and feelings might have been so 
much higher and purer, and happier, if Christian na- 
tions and people had not so fearfully disgraced the Name 
they bear! 

All that we can ever do for Africa cannot atone for this. 

But we can undo some of the evil, and we can do so 
much good ! 

And this makes Africa for us 
the greatest and most sacred mis- 
sion field in all the world. Saying 
"I am sorry," is not enough. It is 
a case for doing. You boys and 
girls have before you splendid 
chances to do ! 

You and the boys and girls of 
Africa are, of course, about the same 
age, and naturally, you will grow 
along together and all reach man- 
hood and womanhood about the 
same time. 

But by such a different course ! 
And with such a different start in life. 

Savagery, heathenism, cannibal- 
ism, barbarism, the terror of witch- 
craft and evil spirits, slavery, suffering — this is the in- 
heritance of the boys and girls of Africa. 

Not a bright or happy thing to lighten the weight. 
How terribly handicapped they are! 

Well, how are they living to-day? these boys and girls 
in Africa. 

48 




Northern Sudan. 



Not that they could all live in the same way in a con- 
tinent five thousand miles long and nearly as many broad! 
They do not all look alike, either. 

Some have black skins, others brown, and there are 
many different shades of brown. The black and the dark- 
est brown are more likely to be found in 
the north, the lighter in the south. 

(The question of how wf came by our 
white skins puzzles these dark-skinned 
people more than a little! The solution 
that seems best to satisfy them is that we 
got it by sleeping in water.) 

They all have large brown eyes — there 
may be some further mention of their 
eyes — beautiful white teeth, and hair that 
is more or less ''kinky " — generally more. 

Unless changed by slavery, they have 
strong, straight, and graceful bodies — erect 
and graceful partly from carrying heavy 
burdens on their heads, almost never in 
their hands ! 

The climate is warm and they do not 
wear much clothing, but are generally 
fond of ornaments, and they give much time and thought 
to the arrangement and adornment of that kinky hair. 

Plaits , braids , rolls — even ' ' Pompadours ' ' — flowers , 
feathers of bright colors, ostrich plumes and beads — wonder- 
ful, indeed, are some of their coiffures, and many and jing- 
ling are their Vjracelets and rings. 

All over Africa the people live in villages or ''towns." 
Often there is a stockade for protection against enemies — 
men or beasts. 

Sometimes a broad "street" leads to the center of the 
town, where, under some magnificent tree, the king — who 
is also judge — holds court, and pronounces sentence against 
criminals. Outside of the town are groves of plantains 
and bananas, cassava gardens, and in some places fields of 
maize and ground nuts. These things form the chief food 
of the people. 

In some parts of the country sheep and goats and 
chickens are plentiful, and there are places where great 
herds of fine cattle graze upon the hills. But you will see, 
later, why this cannot be the case in all parts of Africa. 

44 




Shall we watch a house going up in the Congo country ? 
The "building" materials have all been brought from 
the forest. Poles of a kind of tree that the white ants 
are not fond of; bamboo, straight and without knots, 
so as to split easily, and yards and yards of rattan 
vine. 

They have stuck the 
poles in the ground, and 
are tying to them long 
strips of bamboo, plac- 
ing them quite close to- 
gether, so as to form with 
the poles a sort of basket 
work, which the girls 
help to plaster with 
mud made from red 
clay. 

This work is done 
with that queer and 
ever - useful hoe. The 
roof is a network of bam- 
boo strips tied with the 
rattan "twine" to raft- 
ers of stout bamboo 
poles. Often it is 
thatched with a long, 
curely, but this house 
neatly sewed together. 

There! the house is finished. Not a nail in it, or a 
window, either, nor any light or air save that which comes 
through the open and very low doorway. There is no 
furniture other than a mat or two, a few earthen jars and 
some gourds for holding water or palm wine. 

But this is quite elaborate arcliitecture. In many 
parts of Africa "building a house" is merely a matter of 
cutting some long saplings or strong withes, sticking them 
into the ground, bending the ends together in the middle, 
tying them with vine rope, and covering the frame thus 
made with a thatch of grass. A hole is left in one side, so 
low that one has to crawl in and out. 

You think that this grass hut is not of much interest 
to us, except for the reason that it, and others like it, form 
a shelter for millions of our fellow-beings. 

45 




Xative Dress. 

broad-bladed grass tied on se- 
has a covering of palm leaves 




Ngoniland. 



It is deeply interesting, though, and after a while, when 
yoti know all of Africa's thrilling and touching story, the 
mere mention of such a hut will, I think, bring tears to 

your eyes and 
very tender 
thoughts will 
stir in your 
heart. 

It will be so 
with many 
things and 
places in Africa. 
But not all 
the boys and 
girls are house- 
building to-day! 
The girls — 
what sad faces 
the}^ have — are 
weeding, hoeing, sowing (but not sewing — that is boys* 
work!) planting, cooking, or pounding cassava root in a 
mortar. The boys, probably, are learning to hunt or fight. 
You can hear to-day or any other day, the terrific din of 
their great war drums and horns. 

Some of them may be * 'learning a trade" — blacksmith- 
ing, perhaps, for in Africa, too, '*the village smithy 
stands," and the 
blacksmith is an im- 
portant man. He col- 
lects native iron and 
copper ores, smelts 
them and then works 
them up into hoes, 
knives, battle axes, 
rings, bracelets — 
many things. His 
work is well done, 
too, but with such a 
funny little anvil and 
such very queer bel- 
lows. Some of the people become merchants. The African 
dearly loves to trade, and he is shrewd in ** buying at a 
cheap market and selling at a dear one." 

46 




A Native Blacksmith. 



Then there is the manufacture of cloth from bark, from 
plants like hemp or cotton, and from the soft young plants 
of the palm tree. 

Among some of the West African tribes mat making is 
almost a fine art. Bamboo-palm is used for these, and the 
patterns, which are in some cases really beautiful, are 
colored with vegetable dyes. You might here and there 
find a boy who is learning to be a carver or wood worker. 
I don't know how it comes about, for they certainly have 
never been taught geometry, but the perfection of some of 
their geometrical figures is amazing, and they have such 
poor little tools to work with. Yet with them, they do not 
hesitate to attack a solid 
block of ebony and make 
a chair of it, and their 
carving lasts for ages. 

There are clever pot- 
ters in some of the 
tribes, who have not 
even a potter's wheel, 
but by means of a 
wooden paddle, a piece 
of broken gourd and a 
knife, turn out well 
shaped pots and jars. 
They sift the sand for 
these through a sieve 
made with bamboo 
splints. What would they do without the bamboo? 

The vessels thus made stand hard usage, as when water, 
weighing over seventy pounds, is carried in one of them 
up a steep hill. A girl learns to do this; and though the 
jar may stand a good deal, the endurance of her head is the 
really amazing thing. 

We wondered what boys and girls in Africa might be 
saying to-day. The African loves to talk, and doubtless 
there is much being said, but by the older people chiefly, 
the boys and girls listening. With their inheritance in 
mind, we should like to give them happier things to hear, to 
talk about, and to think of. 

You do not hear of many roads in Africa, but you do 
hear of paths in all directions. 

Shall we follow some children who are about starting 

47 




Preparing/ Hark (loth, r(j<i/nl(i. 




Pottery Vt'wlcs^ West Africa. 



along one of these paths for a town far away in the forest? 

Perhaps you may not have noticed some queer 

little objects fastened to a string and hanging 

at the necks of the boys and girls we have seen. 

Nutshells, bones, 
teeth or claws of 
leop ard s, little 
sticks, a shred of 
cloth; oh, anything, 
almost, it may be, 
only a witch doc- 
tor must have 
"blessed" it and 
thus made it the 
home of some spirit. 
Before they set 
out on this journey 
through the forest 
they must see that 
these fetiches are all in order. Now they start — but there! 
on the path coming towards them is a man ! — the first of a 
long line of carriers coming with their loads from far away 
in the interior. It will never do to go on now, for meeting a 
man at the start means that something evil is going to h appen ! 

If it had been a wo- 
man, all would be well. 
So they return to their 
own town and start 
again. But a bird alights 
on a branch above them. 
Anxiously they look ; 
ah, its wings are tipped 
with white. This is a 
good sign. Sothe^^goon. 
They hope above all 
things not to meet a 
brown bird, always call- 
ing out ''via, via." If 
they should, their poor 
little hearts would stand still with terror, for ''via" means 
"witch-palaver," and that means "condemned to die in the 
fire." They are so afraid a snake called " Nduma" may 
cross the forest path. It would mean certain death to them. 

48 




Evening in Basvtoland. 



And there is the wild dog, Mbula. It means some ter- 
rible calamity to meet Mbula. 

So they go on — frightened, too, by the shaking of a leaf — 
there are spirits in the leaves — or the dancing shadows on 
the path — they are spirits; — terrified by the black shades 
of the forest. 

For they have been taught that the great Being who 
made the world cares not for it or for them, but has given 
control of all things to the spirits which they believe are 
everywhere, all of them evil spirits who wish to hurt them. 
Poor little souls ! They do what 
the}^ can by making offerings and 
by wearing the fetich to keep off 
the bad spirits. 

Look ! just ahead of them an 
enormous tree has fallen across the 
pathway. They believe a spirit 
lives in this great tree. Watch them 
now — they bow their heads, and 
they must not speak. Silently, tim- 
idly, they approach the tree, and as 
they stoop to pass under, each one 
places on the upper side a little 
pebble, hoping it may please the 
spirit that they remembered him. 
See ! the log is covered with such 
offerings — pebbles, shells, leaves, 
perhaps. 

All along the forest paths are such 
offerings ; at the base of very large 
trees, in deep caves, and on large 
rocks. 

There is one kind of spirit that 
is more terrifying, perhaps, than all the rest. It is only 
faintly seen — it never speaks, or stays in one place long 
enough to be spoken to. It flits from spot to spot, and is 
most likely to be met in dark places, in the shadows and 
in the twilight. Most surely of all in the forest at night. 

Did it ever happen, when you were a little tot, that 
some thoughtless person frightened you with stories like 
this? You can remember the terror of that dark night 
when you started up from sleep feeling this horrid some- 
thing near you. And you remember, too, that some one 

49 




Witch Doctor. 



with gentle voice and touch comforted you, telling you 

there was nothing near you — nothing but love, and that all 

would be bright in the morning. 

So you go to sleep again, and all is bright and safe in the 

morning. But there is no one to comfort the little 

African chil- 
dren, and when 
morning comes 
the}^ are in ter- 
ror still. 

We kn o w 
that all these 
things they so 
much dread are 
not real, and, of 
course, cannot 
hurt them; but, 
as they near the 
journey's end, 

we can see, coming up the path, a line of men, tall 

and powerful, dressed in loose white robes and carrying 

guns, and — oh, what are those things? — forked sticks, are 

they not ? 

Oti7' hearts stand still now with dread. We can hardly 

bear this. Those poor little children! for these men are 

Arabs, and they are hunting for slaves. 




A Basket Work in East Africa. 



K?ou &on't hnow wbat ^ou can ^o until ^ou tr^^. 



Suggested Programme. Chapter IV. 

I. Singing: ^' I Think When I Read That Sweet Story of Old." 

II. Bible Reading: Jesus Blessing Little Children. 

III. Prayer. Offering. 

IV. Singing: " There Is a Green Hill Far Away." 

V. Boys and Girls in Africa.* Their ''Inheritance" and Ours 

Informal talk. 

VI. How They Live. 

VII. What They Do. Items. 

50 



VIII. What They Believe. Are They Happy?* Discussion. 

IX. The Great Sorrow of Africa. Story. 

X. Singing: ^^Once Again, Dear Lord, We Pray," ^'^r5^5 1,3,4 

(^^ China for Juniors," p. 41). 

Who said? And When? 
"A score of us would never make a Mackay." 
'*So much to do; so little done." 

** You might as well teach the baboons on the rocks." 
^'Do be in earnest, do.'' 
**The greatest missionary since Livingstone (who)? " 

'* Warrior of God, man's friend, not laid below, 
But somewhere dead, far in the waste Sudan, 
Thou livest in all hearts; for all men know 
This earth has borne no simpler, better man." 



Questions. Chapter IV. 

1. Why are we in part responsible for the sorrows of Africa? 

2. What is the inheritance of the boys and girls? 

3. Write out your ''inheritance," in eight items. 

4. What is a '' fetich?" 

5. What is its purpose? 

6. How do the African children try to keep bad spirits away ? 

7. What do they most fear? 

8. Why cannot their mothers comfort them? 

9. What is the 
greatest real terror 
in Africa ? 

10. What was the 
use of the forked 
sticks ? (see next 
chapter.) 

Progressive 
Map. Towns. 



PUZZLE. 




Main Av(nue, Livingstonia Institution. 



Where a slave 
market used to 
be there is now 
a Church, its 

altar standing over the spot where the whipping-post once was. 
The Church was designed by a missionary and built by Africans. 
What slave-market f Who was the Missionary architect f What is 
the Church called f 



*''Boys and Boys " and "Girls and Girls," published by the C. M. S., London, 
Eng. ; also "A Trip on the ' Dorothy '," by Dr. A. \V. Halsey. 

51 



One day I was called to see a boy who had been brought into 
my hospital seriously ill. To my surprise no one could speak to 
him in a language he could understand, though I had people with 
me who could speak a great many languages. This was very sad, 
as I could not make the little fellow understand that I wanted to 
be kind to him, and he was in such a state of terror that even when 
we tried to feed him he did not seem able to trust us. At first I 
could not understand what the trouble was, but the next day I 
discovered that the tall, stately Mohammedan negro, who had 
brought him, was his master and that he was his slave. I was told 
that only a few days before he had been torn from his home by a 
heartless slave-catcher, that his father and mother had probably 
been killed before his eyes, and that then he had been sold to the 
man who had brought him to me. His master was very anxious 
about him, because it would mean serious loss of money if he died. — 
Boys and Boys, p. 113. 



52 



CHAPTER V. 

SLAVE HUNTERS. 

^^V^UNTING for slaves! How long^ it has been going 
Jll^ on in Africa, the slave-hunting ground of the world ! 
^^J By Africans, Mohammedans, and — we can hardly 
y^Wr^ think it — by Christians. 

> Do you remember Prince Henry of Portugal, 

who found Africa after it had been so long hidden and lost? 
Henry, the Navigator! How much we admired him for 
his courage and energy. 

But — Henry, the slave hunter — for so he really was, 
though the actual capturing was done b}^ other and rougher 
men — this is a fearful name for a Christian man to bear. 
Henry was the first to bear it, but many followed him. 

You remember how suddenly, and all at once, the world 

seemed to grow larger in ? Dates are ''horrid," but 

I expect every boy and girl of you to fill this blank in grand 
chorus ! 

1492? Why, certainly; and you will remember Cap- 
tain Christopher Columbus so steered his course that the 
shout of Land! meant a tropical land, in which would 
thrive, among other things, sugar and cotton. 

And crops of sugar and cotton meant wealth; but the 
natives of these tropical islands had not strength enough 
for the toil of the plantations. It was discovered that the 
African was stronger and better able to endure it; so for 
more than three hundred years slave hunters traveled 
through and through Africa, capturing the people and 
driving them in gangs chained together, to the west coast. 
There they were shipped to the plantations in America. 

But not always in Portuguese ships, though this in- 
famous trade had begun with the Portuguese (and a shvvc 
market had been opened at Lisbon). 

We need just here two snapshots at the English seas. 
English, in this connection ? It is hard to believe it, is it not ? 

Our first picture is a crescent-shaped line of great war- 
ships sailing slowly toward the southern coasts of England. 
They are sighted from Plymouth. Here is their "snapshot! " 
'' For swift to east and swift to west the warning radiance spread; 
High on St. Michael's Mount it shone, it shone on, on Beaehy Head; 
Far o'er the deep the Spaniard sees, along each southern shire, 
Cape beyond cape in endless range, those twinkling points of firc\" 

53 




This is enough for English boys and girls, and their 

American cousins as well (though we were all English then). 

You know what happened after that, and you do not 

forget the men who helped Queen Elizabeth — and the 

vnnds — to defeat the great Armada. Hawkins was one of 

the me n — m a d e Sir 
John, for helping to save 
England and Freedom 
that glorious day! But 
for years he was Captain 
John Hawkins — the 
slave hunter — the first 
Englishman to become 
one, and it is to him 
we owe our second pic- 
ture. Slave-ships in the 
English seas — and it is 
hard to believe that for 
more than two hundred 
years Christian England 
stood at the head of 
The Slave March, slave-trading nations; 

and that in a single 
year, one hundred and ninety-two of these ships sailed for 
African ports, prepared to carry more than forty- seven thou- 
sand slaves to the West Indies and the American colonies. 
Some of the slave-dealers employed African kidnappers 
to capture their slaves, paying them in rum. It is not 
pleasant for us to think that much of it was New England 
rum, made expressly for this purpose. 

Poor Africa! it seems to know nothing but sorrow, for 
this rum grew to be a curse second only to slavery. 

It is hardly possible to write or to read very much of the 
awful cruelties of the slave hunters. They are too awful. 
Or of the terrible sufferings of the slave march to the sea. 
Not all the poor creatures lived to reach the coast; all 
along the march the weaker men, the mothers with babies, 
and many, many little children, weary and sick and starv- 
ing, were left to die by the way, and perhaps this was better 
than to be crowded into the wretched ships for the un- 
speakable tortures of the long voyage to America, which 
could end only in death or in life-long bondage, often to 
most cruel masters. 

54 



All this went on, until in many parts of Africa there 
were no more people to capture, for the slave hunters had 
taken them all. But better times were coming. Not all 
Englishmen — and not all Americans — were like Hawkins! 
Some day you will want to hear the whole splendid story 
of the stopping of the slave-trade in Africa — first on the 
west coast. Happy are we that there are no Christian 
slave hunters, or slave holders now. 

Lagos — you will find it in about the middle of what 
used to be called the Slave Coast — was the great center of 
this west coast trade. There were other slave markets 
farther down the coast, but Lagos was the worst of them 
all, for many slave tracks from the far interior ended here, 
and every year about 200,000 slaves were shipped 
away. 

But in 1 86 1 the British Government closed this old slave 
market forever. 

There is another place you already know by its Portu- 
guese name. Sierra Leone — but now it has another name, 
in good strong English — Freetown. In the midst of 
slave hunters and hunted, yokes, chains and fetters, this 
name is refreshing and astonishing. 

Why is it called so? Because in 1807 the slave trade was 
abolished; man-stealing became piracy (ask some one to tell 
you the laws against piracy) and from this time on, English 
gunboats patrolled the coast, seizing the slave ships and 
recapturing the slaves, who were 
taken to Sierra Leone and set 
FREE. And this was the way that 
something of the length of those 
terrible slave marches came to 
be known, for soon there were 
gathered at Freetown people 
from more than a hundred differ- 
ent tribes. How long the march 
for some of them ! There were 
so many different languages! 
and of course, the wretched, 
terror-stricken, homesick people ^^ . ^^ ^ 

11 ^ 1.1 Ilaj^piness Ahead. 

could not understand one an- 
other. Most desolate of all were the fatherless and 
motherless boys and girls. But at least they had been 
rescued from worse things; and little as it seemed so, 

55 




there was happiness ahead. The cover of this book proves 
it. For there were missionaries at Freetown, and by 
degrees the terrified children and the older people, too, 
began to understand that not all white men were 
slavers. And how they did come to love those who cared 
for their misery, and taught them happier things! It was 

hard for them when 
those kind friends had 
to leave them, even for 
a short visit to England. 
Listen! as they say good- 
bye — ''Massa! if no 
water live here, we go 
ivith yovt all the way, till 
no feet more.''' 

Sierra Leone has a 
fine story after this. I 
wish we could stay to see 
the change in the people 
when they become Chris- 
tians, as many, many 
do. Some of them find 
their way back to their 
old homes, and start life 
again as Christian free- 
men. There was a cer- 
tain African clergyman 
and bishop — Well, he 
has a wonderful story, which, if you are wise, you will read. 
No more slave hunters on the '^vest coast of Africa! 
For this we are glad and thankful. 

But of the east coast — what can we say? 
Words fail to tell of the horrors of the Arab slave trade. 
And it was the Arabs, you know, who captured our poor 
little children in the forest. But once, in Nyasaland, some 
missionaries rescued a slave caravan made up of more than 
fifty little children, so little that they could give scarcely any 
account of themselves. Perhaps they were our little children ! 
It was the sight of the ghastly work of these Arabs that 
stirred Livingstone to hot anger and also to Christlike com- 
passion, and you will remember that when he made that 
wonderful trip across Africa he wrote in his journals full 
accounts of what he saw. 

56 




Six Girls as Received. 



This Arab trade had two objects, first to obtain ivory, 
and then to secure slaves to carry it to the coast. When 
the slavers had collected a large pile of tusks— you will re- 
member the great herds of elephants and the numerous 
''hippos" in Central Africa— they would appear suddenly 
in a village, seize a multitude of the defenceless natives- 
men, women and chil- 
dren — for slaves. There 
were terrible scenes 
then, when the merciless 
drivers, to prevent the 
possible escape of their 
victims, thrust upon 
their necks the huge 
wooden yoke, made of a 
young tree from which 
all the branches were cut 
awa}^ leaving a forked 
end. Into this fork the 
neck was thrust, and the 
ends of the fork were 
united by an iron pin. 
The heavy log being thus 
attached to his body, 
the slave could not run 
away. Having captured 
these, the slave hunters 
burn down the grass 
huts, and kill all the peo- 
ple who try to escape. Countless villages are thus swept away 
and their inhabitants murdered or carried off into slavery. 

And yet this tells almost nothing of what these bar- 
barous cruelties were. 

No wonder that Livingstone had declared from the 
beginning of his journeys that the stopping of the slave 
trade must be the very first step in the saving of Africa. 

The accounts he sent home and his visits to England 
and Scotland aroused Britain to a sense of the atrocities 
of this awful Arab trade. Tlie British Government — if you 
boys and girls (girls are sometimes supposed not to care 
for such things, but they do, all the same), want to 
see something soul-stirring and fi)ic, just watch the British 
Government as it works in Africa from this time on — the 

57 




The Same Six, " Clothed and in their Bight 
Minds, or Partly So.'' 



British Government, as a just and kind and mighty Power, 
and its officers as brave, firm, kind and just ^nen. 

And in Africa's story there is something finer than the 
British Government. We are coming to it ! 

The awakening of Africa has been called an '' Epic." If 
you have made friends with Vergil and Homer, you have 
learned that an epic must have a /z^ro. Africa has its hero, 
and as the message that the British Government had taken 
definite measures to put down the Arab slave trade was on 
its way to him, his thirty years of noble living for Africa 
ended. Kneeling in prayer beside his bed of sticks and 
grass, in the little grass hut at Ilala, Livingstone died for 
Africa. Cannot you hear his last words to us ? — but they 
were written, not spoken — All I can add in my soliUide is, 
may Heaven's rich blessing come down on everyone, American, 
English, or Turk, who will help to heal this open sore of the 
world. 




Women Rescued from Slavery. 

Now, indeed, as was said at his funeral in Westminster 
Abbey, "the work of England for Africa must begin in 
earnest where Livingstone left it off." It did begin in 
earnest— and by the life and through the death of Africa's 

58 



hero, the awful slave trade has at last been put down; but 
not easily; it was a hard, hard fight. 

Zanzibar then was to the east coast of Africa what 
Lagos had been to the west: the end of the slave march 
and the largest and worst of slave markets. 

Now, in the height of all these horrors, English gun- 




Steamer and Mission Boat on Lake Nyasa, 

boats appear in the Indian Ocean ! We know what to ex- 
pect of them, and just what we expect, they do! They 
seize the slave dhows, and at first the rescued slaves are 
sent to Bombay, India. Some are taken care of by the 
Church Missionary Society at Nasik. We shall hear again 
of some ''Nasik boys!" 

Later, Freetown on the west coast is balanced by 
Freretown (named for Sir Bartle Frere, whom you will 
know some day) on the east. Here more ''liberated Afri- 
cans" are cared for and taught. 

(Freretown carries us back in thought all the way to 
John Ludwig Krapf and his wife and little baby. Why 
should it ?) 

But closing the market at Zanzibar is not enough. The 
infuriated Arabs find other ways to get their ivory to the 
coast, and their slaves into Arabia, Turkey and Persia. 

For a moment we leave the British Government and 
its gunboats, to watch another little vessel, not a gunboat, 
as it is taken up the Zambesi and the Shire, carried in 
sections past the rapids in the river — then put together 

59 



again. Now, look! it floats on Lake Nyasa! — Living- 
stone's lake — and the day it first furrows the waters is 
October 12th, 1875. ^^1 ^^^ world — at least all the mission- 
ary and kind-hearted world — loves the little steamer Ilala, 
and remembers this date, because from this day the slave 
trade of Nyasaland was doomed. 

Not only that — the boat and the date mean such good 
for Africa that no words or even thoughts can measure it. 

But for years the conflict continues between the slave 
trade and those who would put it down. In Central Africa, 
and in the Sudan, under Baker, and later under General 
Gordon, who made a splendid fight against the slave hun- 
ter Zebehr Rahama — known as the Black Pasha — with 
whom were joined all the slave dealers of the eastern Sudan. 

Military posts were formed at points where the trade 
was worst, reaching all the way to the Victoria Nyanza, for 
Gordon was Governor General of a district sixteen hundred 
miles long and seven hundred wide. 

You should have seen Gordon! He seemed every- 
where at once — wherever were needed his strong arm and 
cool judgment, there would he appear on his swift camicl. 
There are many famous "rides" — you American boys and 
girls straightway hear the thundering hoofs and see the 
sparks fly — as Paul Revere, and Putnam, and Sheridan go 
flashing by! But you should have seen Gordon's camel 
ride to Dara, when the station was threatened by Zebehr's 
son, with six thousand armed slaves — robbers and mur- 
derers all. 

Gordon's troops were greatly inferior to the legions 
of the slave hunters, but they were always victorious when 
"Chinese Gordon" led them. And indeed, Gordon could, 
and did, win victories without an army. 

Within nine months he captured sixty-three slave car- 
avans, releasing over two thousand slaves, and drove out 
the slave hunter from the land. But when his strong hand 
was removed, the horrid dragon of the slave trade again 
reared up his hideous head, and in Central Africa the 
slavers seemed roused to more cruel and reckless work than 
ever, and the horrors of it spread all over the land. 

Year after year these things went on. At length — it 
was in 1887 — the Arabs broke out in open war against 
missionaries, traders — all Europeans. This war continues 
for two years, and then something happens! 

60 



I 



We must go to Brussels to see it — a great Anti-Slavery 
Conference, held at the suggestion of Queen Victoria. 
Seventeen " Powers " are represented, and the result of the 
conference is that they unanimously agree to prevent 
by force the trade in slaves, arms and intoxicating liquors 
in Africa. 

Now Livingstone's dream comes true! English gun- 
boats appear on the lakes, and British Indian troops are 
brought in to break the power of the slave hunters. 

It takes years to do it, but by 1895 there were rest and 
peace and security in Nyasaland — the land where Living- 
stone died; but not yet in the regions beyond from which 
had sounded his first bugle-call. 

There will be, though — watch for it! for in the next 
chapter you will see a reason why it should be so. 

In the meantime it helps mightily that the ivory trade 
is now in Government control, and that in all but Moham- 
medan lands the holding of slaves has ceased. 

But there were representatives of Mohammedan Powers 
at that Conference at Brussels, and when slavery ceases in 
their countries, and when the tribes of Africa no longer 
make slaves of one another, the slave hunter will be no 
more! 







^mim,i^ 


kPfn.^ U 


■1 F-- 


•"W' W'^ • H 


'^^ ' |fe%|i 


'^BL.:^^^.!^^^ .^^^^^^H 




r>j^ '^' 




'I 



Rescued. 



B single gunboat on lake Itt^asa will ^o more to kill 
tbe slave tra^e tban a fleet of warsbips on tbe coast. 



61 



Suggested Programme. Chapter V. 

I. Singing: " I Gave My Life for Thee." 

II. Bible Reading: '*To set at Uberty them that are bruised. 

Luke 4: 16-22. 
in. Prayer. Offering. 

IV. Singing: '' Hail to the Lord's Anointed." 

V. Slavery on the West Coast. 

I. Who started it? 2. Who stopped it and how? 

VI. The Arab Slave Trade. 

I. Its two-fold object. 2. Conquering the Conquerors. 

VII. The Present Traffic. Where Is It ? Map talk. 
VIII ''The Slave Boy who Became a Bishop." Story. 

IX. Roll Call (Responses: Names of winners in this ''fight.") 

X. Singing: 

''Christian, hearken! none has taught them 
Of His love so deep and dear, 
Of the precious price that bought them, 
Of the nail, the thorn, the spear. 

Ye who know Him, 
Guide them from their darkness drear. 

"Haste, oh! haste! and spread the tidings 
Wide to earth's remotest strand; 
Let no brother's bitter chidings 
Rise against us — when we stand 

In the judgment — 
From some far forgotten land." 



Questions. Chapter V. 

1. Who was the first " Christian " slave-hunter? 

2. What great discovery led to the demand for slaves? 

3. What part had England in the slave trade? 

4. What part had America? 

62 



5- For what other curse is America largely responsible? 

6. When was the West Coast traffic stopped? 

7. Who first made known the horrors of the Arab trade? 

8. To whom do we owe the stopping of these horrors? 

9. In how many ways was the work taken up ''where Living- 

stone left it off?" 
10. In what parts of Africa is the slave trade ended? 
Progressive Map. Railways. 
What do these dates mean for Africa? 

Nov. 4, 1897. 0-t. 12, 1875. Nov. 18, 1884. May i, 1873. 
July 31, 1877. Oct. 12, 1900. 



■■ 


^^H 


Wk 








m0.Mmi 



Sewing Class (Moravian Mssi(m\ German East Africa. 



PUZZLE. 
A House: built of brick, with doors, shutters and a staircase. 
It has a telephone and electric bells. There are in it a typewriter 
and a sewing machine. The owner — who helped to build the house — 
rides a bicycle, has been to England, and has written a history of 
his country. 

Where is the house f Who is the owner ? 

63 



Africa is the coming continent. It is the continent of the 
twentieth century. The nations of the earth have entered it. 
The old Africa must pass away. — A. W. Halsey, D. D., in Address 
to the General Assembly. 

All the appliances of modern civilization — schools, printing 
presses, railways, telegraphs and towns — are excellent and neces- 
sary. Many or all of these things can be found to-day in Central 
Africa in places the very names of which we did not know thirty 
years ago. Such things, however, only excite the native's cu- 
riosity ; they do not move his heart or touch his springs of action ; 
they are not strong enough to make the new continent, and the 
new man to live in it. On the indurated mental and moral surface 
of unbroken heathenism they make little or no abiding impression. 
They are assigned to witchcraft; or they are put down amongst 
many other unaccountable doings of these unaccountable men — 
who are y^hiiQ. -!-D awn in the Dark Continent, p. 27. 



64 



© 



CHAPTER VI. 

AFRICA TO-DAY. 

UR story of Africa brings us up in unexpected 
places, sometimes. This chapter starts in Berlin ! 
Where we see, in November, 1884, a group of men 
— very distinguished men they are, either emperors 
kings or presidents, or their representatives. 



or 



What do you suppose this important gathering is for? 
Why, for nothing more nor less than to cut up Africa and 
distribute the pieces among the "Powers" in the way that 
shall best suit the aforesaid emperors, kings and presidents, 
and their governments. 

Even when you shall have come to be Sophomores, I 
venture to say that your knowledge will not include an- 
other such cool action as this. 




The Diamond Mines, 

Well, the thing was done and done quickly — so suddenly 
and quickly that the proceeding has been called the 
** Scramble for Africa." 

This was the way they did it: 

65 



There were eleven and a half millions of square miles 
to be given (?) out. Each Power, of course, wanted to 
secure the largest possible slice, urging such claims as 
early exploration, present occupation, treaties obtained 
from native chiefs, and sometimes the mere hoisting of a 
flag in certain places! 

When the Conference ended, Africa had been divided 
about as follows : 

Square Miles. Population. 

To France 3,300,000 27,000,000 

To Great Britain 2,500,000 40,000,000 

To Germany 925,000 6,000,000 

To Belgium 900,000 16,000,000 

To Portugal 750,000 

To Italy 420,000 

To Spain 214,000 

To Boer Republics 168,000 

To Turkey 800,000 

Amounts to about ten millions? You have quick eyes, 
but, you see, this generous Conference really did leave 
about a million and a half square miles to the original 
owners! But mostly in the Sudan, where, perhaps, they 
thought discretion might be the better part of valor, for 
the tribes living in it were very fierce and warlike. 

But it has since been distributed, or perhaps, more 




Tabic Mountain. 



accurately, it has since been gobbled up! Even the lakes 
have been portioned out. And in this once-thought-to-be- 
desert country they actually measure sixty-eight thousand 
square — or should it be cubic? the lakes are very deep — 
miles. 

66 



Not all the Powers were present at that Conference, 
and you must have noticed that one flag (the most beauti- 
ful of all) does not wave over Africa — yet. 

But Africa has been a good deal like a kaleidoscope — 
a little shake, and what a different picture you see! So 
''Africa To-day " may possibly not be Africa to-morrow. 

And there is a flag with thirteen stripes and one star 
somewhere in Africa. Where? Suppose you look for it. 

Africa To-day is tremendously different from Africa of 




The Buffalo Eiver^ Smith Africa. 

Yesterday. To-day meaning 1905, and Yesterday about 

1855. . 

Think a moment! Now — what are some of the hap- 
penings which have helped to make the differences^ Ex- 
ploration ? Yes, indeed ; but was exploration first ? 

Who went down to Cape Town from Scotland in 181 7 — 
it was a long, long journey then — and led the way toward 
Central Africa from the South ? Was it an explorer ? No ; 
it was Robert Moffat, the missionary, a man whom, fifty 
years later, England delighted to honor for the great work 
he had done in South Africa. And was it not Dr. Moffat 
who persuaded David Livingstone — only these black let- 
ters should be letters of gold — to devote his life to Africa ? 

David Livingstone, medical missionary, who in opening 
Africa so that the Gospel of Christ might come in, became 
the greatest of explorers. 

Btit don't you remember Burton and Spcke and Cameron 
and Stanley? They were not missionaries. No; but don't 
you remember those grand missionaries, Krapf and Reb- 
mann? They led in the exploration from the east coast, 

67 




The Bi-idges of ^''Africa Yesterday ^ 



you know. And Captain Cameron's splendid journey 
across Africa came from his' having been sent with supplies 
for Dr. Livingstone! As for Stanley — some day you will 
follow him as he "finds Livingstone" and learns from him 
the art of exploration — and more than that — how to be a 

Christian . You will 
hear his clear call 
for the Gospel to be 
sent to Uganda (you 
will learn of Ugan- 
da, presently). 
After his magnifi- 
cent successes, this 
is what Stanley 
himself says : 

'' If Livingstone 
were alive, I would 
take all the honors, 
all the praises men have showered upon me, put them at 
his feet and say : They are all yours.'' 

You are right, though. Exploration — by mission- 
aries or travelers — has made possible the Africa of to-day. 
Among other things discovered was the fact that Africa 
was not the poorest of the continents, all rock and burning 
sand, but was rich in coal, copper, iron, gold and diamonds; 
and if the gold fever burns high, what shall be said of the 
diamond craze? 

White men by thousands poured into 'the Transvaal, 
and diamonds to the value of, well — somewhere in the 
region of $350,000,000, have been dug out of the blue clay 
of Kimberley. 

The annual output of the gold mines at Johannesburg 
is perhaps $50,000,000. The great coal fields are said to 
measure about 40,000,000 tons, and there are rich copper 
mines in the country north of the Zambesi river 

You have certainly found two reasons for the Africa 
of to-day — exploration, and mineral wealth, which is a very 
recent discovery. It was only about twenty-five years 
ago that the English thought of abandoning all of South 
Africa, with the exception of a coaling station at the Cape 
of Good Hope, which might be a convenience on the long 
voyage to Australia. 

Cape Town does not look that way now, as you see it, 

68 



spreading out below Table Mountain, which quite likely 
as you glance up is covered with a ''table cloth" of white 
cloud. There are a good many attractive cities besides 
Cape Town. Very near what was formerly Dr. Moffat's 
mission station of Kuruman, lies ''Golden" Johannesburg. 

Shall we pa}^ it a visit ? Going to it by train, for to-day, 
in the Cape Colony, there are more than three thousand 
miles of railway; though, having in mind Dr. Moffat's 
wagon, drawn — sometimes dragged — by thirty or forty 
yoke of oxen, and creeping along at a snail's pace, on no 
road at all, we might be glad to make use of the ordinary 
roads of which the Colony has now eight thousand miles. 

But here w& are at Johannesburg, in the midst of — as 
they would say — trams, 'busses, cabs, rikshas, motor-cars 
and bikes, and in such a throng of people that the wide 
pavements are scarcely wide enough. There will be a 
crowd this evening, too, under a blaze of electric light. 

These are fine streets, and the buildings are large and 
handsome, with a great array of plate-glass windows, ex- 
hibiting, it would seem, everything that man — or woman — 
has ever thought of for wearing, eating, or using! These 
are as they should be, but we do not feel so sure about 
these "sky-scrapers" — in Africa? Shades of the mud 
huts of the Hottentots! They occupied this very space 
such a little time ago, and these buildings must be four- 
teen stories high, at 
least. Perhaps there is 
no reason wh}^ we should 
feel aggrieved, but it 
does seem as though 
there might still be room 
to spread ovit — in Africa ! 

Up to this time we 
have thought of Africa 
as more or less covered 
with a network of nar- 
row paths. From ports 
on the west coast, and 
the east, and back and 
forth across the Sahara run these paths; the last chapter 
gave sad reasons for many of them, but we are thinking now 
of those which have been the freight routes of Africa ; along 
them are moving continual lines of carriers, for almost 

69 




Hex River Pass^ Cape Colony. 



everything that goes into the interior or conies out of it 
is borne on the heads of these men. 

In the south there are oxen and the clumsy wagon- 
much like our "prairie schooners" — of the Dutch Boers; 
in the north where the tsetse fly does not bother them, 
donkeys carry loads, and there are on the desert the famil- 
iar camel caravans. Otherwise, men have been the freight 
cars — and sometimes the passenger cars — of Africa. 

But the ''Scramble" and its result, the ''Partition/* 
are changing all this! 

Each Power wants to open up its territory to com- 
merce, so railroads have been or are soon to be built; there 
is steam navigation on many of the rivers and lakes, and in 
the Congo State the narrow crooked paths of the natives 
are being replaced by broad roads with perfect drainage, 
upon which heavy freight automobiles may be run the 
year through, in the wet season and the dry, carrying 
freight from Stanley Pool to Lake Mweru in less than a 

month. By the river and 
crooked land ways, these 
points are two thousand 
miles apart. 

Some of the rubber that 
goes out of the Congo State 
in such quantities may come 
back to it on the wheels of 
the autos. 

Railroads are expensive 
in Africa, and they also give 
their engineers some " aw- 
fully" difficult problems to 
tackle, for the sides of the 
"dish" are hard to climb 
and the tumultuous and 
very numerous rivers are 
not always easy to bridge. 

The English have a rail- 
way nearly six hundred miles 
long between Mombasa and the Victoria Lake. During 
1903 and 1904 there were carried on it sixteen thousand 
tons of freight. This amount divided into "man loads" 
would have required over five hundred thousand carriers. 
The plan is to extend this road beyond the Victoria Lake, 

70 





ill 


t-. '^'^ -i 


m''^^ 


- xP") 


^ 



' The Passenger Cars of Africa.'' 




In the Congo Country, A. B. M. U. 

to show them how to succeed 



westward, until it shall meet the Congo railway coming 
eastward. This may be the first trans-continental line, 
though Portugal, Germany and France has each its 
scheme for roads to extend across Africa. 

All these and many more will be needed some day to 
carry the imports 
and the exports, for 
Africa will, in time, 
make great demands 
upon other coun- 
tries, and is expected 
to produce among 
numerous other 
things, great crops 
of wheat and sugar, 
and coffee and cocoa 
and cotton. The 
Germans are mak- 
ing a specialty of 
cotton , and have Yir d 
to employ Tuskogee men 
in raising it. 

When you go to Africa, you may probably take your 
choice of these roads, or if you prefer the route from south 
to north (or vice versa), and if you do not make the trip 
before 1910, you can start at Cape Town and go straight 
through to Cairo. 

Even to-day you could go from Cape Town to the Vic- 
toria Falls, making the journey of nearly two thousand 
miles in five days; and on a train with first-class sleeping 
and dining cars and writing room. You would ride on steel 
rails and over steel bridges (and I fancy you might see on 
many of these things the names of American business firms), 
passing fine towns, and elegant stations and hotels. You 
would go through Matabeleland and Mashon aland, where 
sixteen years ago Europeans could enter only at the peril 
of their lives; but now you pass grain fields where white 
men are harvesting wheat with a self-binding reaper. 

You would pass the great Wankie coal fields which will 
soon be worked by power "harnessed" at the Victoria 
Falls. 

And at last you will see — and hear — tlie Victoria Falls! 
A mile wide and falling four hundred and fifty feet where 

71 




Niagara falls one hundred and seventy- two. Its sublime 
beauty and the glorious wild wood about it are to be pro- 
tected and preserved for a permanent wilderness park, 
so your vision will be much like Livingstone's first look, 
fifty years ago. But — as Livingstone did not, you will 

pass over the 
gorge on the 
highest arched 
steel bridge in 
the world. 

Having tak- 
en in the dia- 
mond mines and 
the gold rand 
and the coal 
fields, the road 
is now pushing 
on to the cop- 
per mines, two 
hundred miles to 
the northwest. 

In the mean- 
time it is also 
coming south- 
ward from Cairo and is already open for traffic beyond 
Khartoum. Some day soon the golden spike — studded 
with diamonds, probably! — will be driven to show that 
the Cape-to-Cairo Road, ''once the dream of one man," 
is a finished fact. 

It is a simple thing and an easy one to say that tele- 
graphs and telephone lines are crossing and recrossing 
Africa, but to get them there has not been, and is not easy. 
You can fancy, perhaps, the great difficulties in the way, 
but some of the more trifling annoyances may not occur 
to you — such as the bother about the poles. If the con- 
structors use wooden poles, white ants eat the parts in the 
ground. If they substitute iron poles, the natives take 
them to make tools of, and in either case the tropical 
rains wash them out of their holes. Elephants use 
them for scratching posts, thus pushing over any that 
the torrents may have left standing. The monkeys 
find that the wires make delightful swings, while the 
jungle grows so fast, that it is no sooner cut down 

72 



Uhurch in East Africa. 



than it is up again, and to crown all, the wooden poles 
sprout out into trees. 

Notwithstanding all this and more, there are thou- 
sands and thousands of miles of lines already in operation, 
and soon will come true another of Cecil Rhodes' dreams, 
"From the Cape to Cairo in a minute and a half." 

It is thrilling to read of messages sent from some places 
in Africa — Ujiji, for instance, or Mengo, or Barotseland. 
Thrilling, that is, if you happen to know the whole story, 
and it is only the whole story anyway that can bring out 
the intense interest of Africa as it is now. 

I wonder if you know where it was that Livingstone 
was once given the only mail he had received for three 
years, and when he opened his letters, he found they were 
three years old? From that place on a certain recent 
anniversary, a telegram was sent to Scotland and an answer 
received in less than three hours. As for post offices, they 
seem everywhere, though in some regions they are still 
rather far apart. Yet in Rhodesia, in the very heart of 
Africa, there were in 1904 ninety-nine offices; it is cer- 
tainly safe to say there are one hundred now ! The letters 
are carried by train, coach, carts, bicycles or runners, ac- 
cording to the road. 

We entered the old Africa by the door of Egypt; shall 
we leave by the same door? 

But it is not the old Egypt we see. Though, to be sure, 
there is our old and now familiar friend the Nile ; and the 
pyramids and the obelisks and the sphinx are there still — 
looking on. 

But what is that on the bank of the river? Something 
they have waited long to see ! It is an electric trolley and 
towing plant to draw the dahabiyehs back and forth, and to 
multiply the present boats and commerce of the Nile thirty, 
perhaps fifty fold ! This is so surprising that some explosive 
remark seems really necessary. Such as "D/J you ever ?" 

And these immense dams in the river, one at Assyut, 
the other at Assouan at the first cataract, were not here upon 
the occasion of our former visit! The first forms a lake 
three-quarters of a mile wide reaching back for forty miles, 
while the lake at the first cataract will extend one hundred 
and forty miles back into Nubia. This is rather astonish- 
ing, although we do know now where all this water comes 
from. 

78 



As to what these dams will do — you know we found 
there were some ''arid deserts" in Africa. Well, millions 
of acres of it will be transformed by these great dams into 
ploughed land; cattle innumerable will find pasturage on 
once sandy wastes, and about five millions of human beings 
will enjoy the benefit. 

So here we have part of the story: exploration and 
mines and commerce and railways and telegraphs and 
modern science. 

But for a really new Africa there must be new men. 

We are come now to the story of the making of these 
new men and women, which is the very best thing in Africa 
To-day. 



If coult) forget all m^ col^, hunger, gufferings an^ toll, if 
II coulb be tbc means of putting a stop to tbe cursed traffic. 



Suggested Programme. Chapter VI. 

I. Singing: '' Onward, Christian Soldiers." 

II. Bible Reading: The Valleys shall be exalted and the Moun- 

tains. 

III. Prayer. Offering. 

IV. Singing: '^Loyalty to Christ." 

V. The Journey to Uganda. Map talk. 

1. By the Old Routes (Mackay and Hannington). 

2. By the Railway. 

VI. '^Christian" Commerce and Civilization. 

I. The Niger Company. 2. The African Lakes Company. 

VII. Instead of the Ivory Trade. (Coffee, cotton, cocoa, etc.) 

VIII. What is the Greatest Thing in Africa? Discussion. 

IX. Roll Call (Responses : Products, especially of the New Africa.) 

X. Singing: '* Stand up, Stand up, for Jesus." 
For what are these names noted ? 

Boma. Lovedale. Stanley Pool. Mengo. Blantyre. Living- 
stonia. 

Questions. Chapter VI. 

1. What was the '' Scramble for Africa?" 

2. Who '' opened up Africa " from the East? From the South? 

3. What discovery has helped to make Africa what it is to-day? 

4. Mention a great ''opener" of the continent 

74 



5- What railway will soon connect the Victoria Lake with the 
Congo River? 

6. What one will join Cairo to Cape Town? 

7. Name a great ''sight" in Africa. 

8. What change has been made in Egypt? 

9. Mention eight things which have helped to make the new 

Africa? 
[o. What is the ninth and greatest thing? 
Progressive Map. Missionary Societies. 




Carpenters at Livingstonia. 

PUZZLE 

It is two hundred miles long. It cost $20,000. 
It was the first of its kind in Africa. 

It cost the lives of some and has saved the lives of many. 
Where is it f Who hiiilt it ? Who gave the money ? Who gave 
his life ? 



PUZZLE. 

She had traveled over seven thousand miles u]) and down and 
across Africa; had sailed the Victoria Lake, Tanganyika, and the 
Congo River. At sunset of July 31, 1877, she Avas carried to a high 
rock above a cataract and there abandoned to her fate! 
Who was '*she?" And what zvas her fate ? 

75 



School closed for a vacation to-day. I looked at the scholars 
from where I sat back of the speakers. Half of them had been 
beginners two months ago in the chart class: half of these had 
learned to read in the interval — well, you can fancy the sort of 
thing they read. But it is a promise. Believe me, there is a differ- 
ence in their aspect — something more eager and alert, and at the 
same time more disciplined; none of that timidity and suspicion 
evinced at first. Above all, something more of joy. They made 
off in different directions to their little home villages, into which 
they will take a new and vital air. Indeed we may not guess what 
they will take. One little Bulu boy from the school at Elat used, 
during his vacation, to hold daily prayers in the palaver house of 
his town, reading from his primer those lessons which were adapted 
from the Bible. In my mind I see them in many little towns, sit- 
ting under the low eaves of their houses, reading from their primers, 
to the awe and admiration of their wistful elders. — Jean Kenyon 
Mackenzie in Woman's Work. 

At the tapping of the drum, it is good to see the boys, and a 
sparse scattering of girls, from the villages and dormitories, coming 
pell-mell to school with books and slates; and many of them are 
clothed and in their right mind, or partly so. It is good to hear 
their merry voices and funny remarks to each other, in the new 
situation of stepping out from dense darkness; for, ten years ago, 
there was no school for them except the general automatic school 
of ignorance and sin, in session all the time and everywhere. When 
the teacher stands up in his place and the ruler comes down, there 
is silence, and the mass of beaming faces is like a dark cloud be- 
decked with six or eight hundred velvety, sparkling, expectant 
eyes. . . . The boys and girls are not angels, but are poten- 
tially the stuff that real men and women are made of, and are to 
the teacher like clay in the hands of the potter. The dominant 
aim and delightful task is to mould this mass of crude material 
into the image of Him who was made flesh and dwelt among us. — 
Melvin Fraser in Woman's Work, 



76 



CHAPTER VII. 

THE MISSIONARY SOCIETIES. 

K," you sigh, ''names and dates, I suppose. 
How very dry and poky.'' Yes, some names and 
dates are dry, but not these! For they stand for 
all the difference between savage and most wretched 
heathen, and happy and useful Christians. 
Besides we have not space for the dates, or even for 
the names. With some of them you have already made 
friends, but perhaps you may not know there are over one 
hundred societies at work! Their work is the greatest 
thing in Africa. 

We can look at only one part of it now, and we are in 
a hurry to see it, for it is nothing less than the making of 
the boys and girls under their care into the *'new" men and 
women needed for the New Continent. 

Where are these boys and girls? Where you are — in 
school! by the thousands and thousands, for school is 




The Beginning of a School, 

popular in Africa these days! So much so that in some 
places, recess and holidays are declined. Can you believe 
it.? 

The schoolhouses are many and various. At this 
very moment doubtless in many a spot in Africa is an eager 
group of little brown children — and bigger brown children 

Lore. ^^ 



— intently gazing upon something hanging from a large 
tree. A boa-constrictor, perhaps, or a monkey? Not at 
all! It is an alphabet sheet, with a teacher near by to 
make it "talk" to the children. 

This is the beginning of a school. Shall we watch it 
grow ? 

The first improvement is a straight, clean road leading 
from the village out to this tree — two or three hundred 
yards away. Then a large space under the tree is cleared 
and caked over with white mud. After a time poles and a 
trellis form a fence in which is a gate. Seats come next — 
poles resting on forked stakes driven in the ground. 

Alphabets and syllable charts 
appear on the fence. There are 
a few blackboards and slates, 
and perhaps books for the older 
scholars. 

There are also school ' ' fees ; ' ' 
we see them piled up along the 
fence — bundles of poles, reeds 
and grass which will, presently, 
roof over the enclosed space, and 
behold! a schoolhouse furnished, 
in which the boys and girls per- 
form wonders ! There are other 
schoolhouses — ranging all the 
way from grass-roofed sheds 
or huts to brick buildings with 
doors and windows, seats, maps, 
globes and pictures. The last 
named are few, however, and 
very far between. 
Watches and clocks are not yet plentiful in Africa, 
nevertheless the people are beginning to learn that there 
are hours and minutes in the day, and that school — and 
church services, also — begin on the minute. The school or 
church drum whose deep boom can be heard in villages two 
hours away is teaching them this. 

What do they study in these halls of learning? Well, 
the studies are almost as varied as the schoolhouses — 
but all the schools are alike in one thing. 

The missionaries have done a wonderful thing for Africa. 
Before they came only one or two tribes had a written 

78 




There are llie Tears of a Broken 
Heart When the Slate Breaks.''^ 




The School Ho77ie, the Teacher and the Taught— all Xatives 
of Congo Land. 



language ; the missionaries have first put their languages into 
writing, and then have, in many cases, translated for them 

the whole Bible. 
In all the 
schools the study 
of the Bible 
comes first. You 
may not think 
it, and I do not 
wish to be im- 
polite ! But it is 
possible that 
some of these 
African boys and 
girls know more 
of the Bible than 
you do. They 
may even care 
more for it. You 
have never been 
in the terror of 
bondage to evil spirits and witchcraft and the witch 
doctor. They have, and they are happy beyond the 
power of words to 
tell in the joyful de- 
liverance which the 
Gospel of Jesus 
brings them, and 
they are learning the 
meaning of prayer, 
even the Lord 's 
Prayer. Poor chil- 
dren ! Their ' ' inher- 
itance" makes it so 
easy to dowrong 
that they have much 
need to pray, ''Lead 
us not into temp- 
tation, but deliver 
us from evil." 

There is singing 
— in the schools and in the churches. And I can tell 
you these boys and girls — and their elders, too — have 

79 





1 



The Printing Press at Mrngo, Uganda, C. M. S. 




The "-Answer'' Won't Come. 



voices and can sing! And they do sing — as you would 
if only a little while ago you had been afraid even to 
breathe lest the quiver of a grass-blade should betray 

your "hiding-place to the slave 
hunter. 

All that is over now for these 
happy children, and you should 
hear them sing ''Wonderful 
Words of Life," and many an- 
other hymn, for the missionaries 
have also given them hymn- 
books in their own tongue. Then 
comes the roll-call, and merry 
laughter, for try as he may, the 
missionary cannot pronounce 
some of the queer names; the 
missionary smiles, too, at their 
meaning: "Head of a Leop- 
ard," "Foot of an Elephant" 
and others as comical. 

As to what they study — well, 
that depends! for they ma}^ be getting ready to be 
preachers or teachers, or printers or carpenters, builders, 
brickmakers, gardeners, laundresses, cooks, sewing teach- 
ers, dressmakers. Many 
kinds of workers are 
needed for the New Af- 
rica, and at Lovedaleand 
Livingstonia, Blantyre, 
Inanda — many places — 
there are schools to teach 
them all ! but always the 
"Three R's" are taught, 
and music. 

And have you not 
missed something ? In 
a book about "Juniors," 
for Juniors, not a word about playf So it has been 
in Africa — no play except in a few rare cases ; but 
the hard-worked little ex-slaves are learning to play 
now, and it is the missionaries who are teaching 
them! 

For one thing they play football — sometimes with a 

80 




Kaffir Children. 



genuine ''goat's skin" made from a small goat stuffed 
into a shape as near the ** Association" as possible. 

The little girls are also taught to play — and their great- 
est treasures come to them from England or America 
as prizes for good work — as you have already seen. 




Physical Culture at Umzmnbe IZome. 

What will the boys and girls do with all this knowledge 
and skill? Why, when they are a few years older they 
will share it with others who are in the depths of 
ignorance. And 
they will make 
splendid mis- 
sionaries and 
teachers. 

Africa is still 
a hard country 
to travel in ; the 
swamps, the hot 
sun and the 
scarcity of 
pro per food 
bring fever and 
exhaustion to 
the white man. 

But these Af- 
rican boys need 
only one meal a 




students from C. M. S. Training Institution, 
Ogo, West Africa. 



day (which is not saying that they might not enjoy four, if 
they could get them), and can travel twenty miles or so 
a day, carrying all their belongings on their heads, without 
any fatigue to speak of; they can sleep without shelter 
and can wade through rivers and swamps up to their 

81 



1 



necks for whole days and be none the worse for it, and they 
really enjoy the tropical sun. 

Presently — about the time you "come of age" — we 
shall see them traveling all over Africa teaching the people. 
They are capital teachers. Many of the first pupils in 
the mission schools are now teaching. They usually go 
by ''two and two" to the heathen villages. A while ago 
two young men went to a place in Uganda where not one 
person could read. After only nine months' work the}^ had 




Christians at Kisokwe^ German East Africa* 

taught one hundred people to read the New Testament 
for themselves. Do you suppose you are likely ever to do 
such a nine-months' work as that? 

And you should see the perfect order in a certain pri- 
mary classroom in Livingstonia, where the bright faces 
and the hum of happy voices show that the young teacher 
is succeeding in his work of making known the mysteries 
of writing and counting and reading. 

At many mission stations you may see on Friday nights 
earnest faced young men, listening and taking notes as a 
missionary talks to them. 

Saturday morning these young men start off for vil- 
lages twenty, thirty, perhaps forty miles away; and on 

82 



Sunday the Bible is read and the Friday night talk given 
in eighty or a hundred villages, while the missionary him- 
self is preaching at the sta- 
tion to thousands of hearers. 
And graduates from the 
training schools are going 
out now, real " foreign " mis- 
sionaries, telling the Gospel 
among far away savage 
tribes with strange languages 
and customs. 

Do you remember Stan- 
ley's dark forest and the pig- 
mies who lived in it ? Well 
these African foreign mis- 
sionaries have reached even 
the dark forest and some of 
the pigmies can already read 
the New Testament! 
The Congo missions have forged eastward and are about 
to meet the Uganda men going westward. A chain of 
missions from, east to west, as Krapf once said there would he. 




In the Congo Country— their First Dresses. 







1 





The Little Church on the Sobat. (Five Hundred Miles /w?n Ah// of/ur.) 

There are missionaries now in the long-closed Sudan, 
lonely and far, far away from home and friends. Medi- 
cal missions there are, too, throughout Africa, and for 
every patient cured there is likely to be one less believer 
in the witch-doctor and his '* medicine." 

83 



There are great missions now in the old slave country 
of the west coast; ten thousand Christians now in Uganda, 
where Stanley called and the Church Missionary Society 
answered. 

Not only in South Africa, but on Lake Tanganyika, are 
the stations of the London Missionary Society under which 
Moifat and Livingstone went out to Cape Town. 

There are the west coast missions and the Zulu 
churches and schools of the American Board. And there 
is the great work in EgA^pt for the Mohammedans and the 
mission in the Sudan under the United Presbyterian 
Church of America. 

The Congo missions of the Baptists are wonderful, and 
far in the interior of the Congo State is the fine work of 
the American Presbyterian Church, "South." In the 

French Congo and 
the German Kame- 
roons is the mission 
of the American 
Presbyterian Church 
^' North." In South 
Africa and east and 
west, are the Morav- 
ians and the German 
societies. In East 
Africa also is the 
Friends' Industrial 
Mission. In Liberia 
is the mission of the 
American Episcopal 
Church. 

There is the 
French Society in 
Barotseland, where 
Livingstone saw first 
those slave gangs, and which has written over it ''Slavery 
Suppressed.'' And there are the grand missions of the 
Scotch Churches in Nyasaland, where Livingstone lived 
and died, and there will be a station where was the 
little grass hut at Ilala. 

In all these missions the boys and the girls are being 
trained who will help, after a little, in the making of 
Christian Africa. 

84 




The New Church at Blantyre Near the Spot Where 
Livingstone Entered the Country. 

[Natives, raw and untutored, who had never seen a 
brick or a trowel before, were trained to mould and 
burn tlie bricks, to lay the courses, and use the plumb 
and level, to adze the beams, and make the centres. 
From early morn till sunset for nearly three years 
the work went on till it was ready for worship] 



Here must close "Africa for Juniors" — after all telling 
such a little part of the whole glowing, palpitating, living 
story of the saving of Africa. 

But you do not want to stop here or to miss any of it. 
There never has been a story like it — there never again can 
be — and it is going on now right before your eyes. Keep 
them wide open, lest even while you are Juniors you 
should miss some chance to help; and when you are 
"Seniors" go yourselves to help win the fight, and to 
gloriously finish the story. 



/Il>arcb 19,— 3B(rtb&aig, /ID^g Jesus, m^ TRin^, m^ life, m^ 
all, 11 again beMcate m^g wbole self to Ubee. Bccept me, 
ant) grant, © gracious ifatber, tbat ere tbis ^ear is gone, 11 
ma^ finisb m^ tasfe, Un Jesus' name H asft it. Hmcn. So 
let it be. 

David Livingstone. 



Suggested Programme. Chapter VII. 



I. Singing: '^ Wonderful Words of Life." 

II. Bible Reading: "Made New." 

III. Prayer. Offering. 

IV. Singing: ''The Morning Light is Break- 

ing." 

V. Boys and Girls in School. 

VI. Singing: ''The Children's Coronation." 

(Tune, "Coronation.") 
Hosanna! be the children's song 

To Christ, the children's King. 
His praise to whom our souls belong, 

Let all the children sing. 
Let every heart to Jesus bring 

Its gift of grateful love, 
And every voice in gladness sing. 

As those in heaven above. 
Hosanna! then our song shall be, 

Hosanna to our King! 
This is the children's jubilee, 

Let all the children sing! 

85 




A Little ChUd Shall 
Lead Themy 



VII. Twenty Questions Answered. Map exercise. 

(Choose sides — one to name schools, the other to locate 
them on the map.) 

VIII. The "Nev/" Men and Women as: builders, nurses, musi- 
sians, printers, teachers, helpers, road makers, mission- 
aries, preachers, etc. 
Items. (Give briskly. 
Lose no time.) 

IX. Roll Call (Responses: 
Names of schools.) 

X. Where the Need is 
Greatest. Map talk. 
(Very brief and 
pointed.) 

XL Singing: ''From 
Greenland's Icy 
Mountains," verses i, 
3 and 4. 

Questions. Chapter VII. 

1. How many missionary 
societies are at work in 
Africa? 

2. Make a list of twenty 
missionaries to Africa. 

3. Find the names of 
twenty schools. 

4. What is the chief study 
in them all? 






HPP 


f-v- 


jlP*!^ 


}m 






■TF^w^^^^pr^]^^ 







Christian Teachers., Nyasaland. 



5. What studies come next? 

6. What unusual "branch" is taught? 

7. Why should the graduates make fine missionaries? 




School at Esidumbini^ Natal. 

8. How do you know they are good teachers? 

9. How is Krapf's dream coming true? 

10. How many memorials to Livingstone can you think of? 

Progressive Map. Famous Schools. 
Write 100-word sketches of: 
Mary Moffat. Miss Whately. Mrs. Hinderer. 



^^^ " " iSSE °'' CONGRESS 



020 126X7T> 



